Industrial Revolution to Post-Cold War Era

Flashcards about the Industrial Revolution, economic changes, nationalism, imperialism, and the World Wars. These cards cover key events, figures, and concepts discussed in the lecture notes.

Flying Shuttle

An invention that revolutionized weaving during the Industrial Revolution.

Spinning Jenny

An invention that greatly increased thread production during the Industrial Revolution.

Bessemer Process

A pivotal innovation that improved steel production, facilitating advancements in construction and manufacturing.

Mines Act

Legislation that prohibited underground work for women and children under 10.

Factory Act of 1833

Legislation that limited working hours for children and mandated education.

Iron Law of Wages

David Ricardo's theory that wages would always fall to subsistence levels due to population growth.

Luddites

Workers who protested against industrialization by destroying machinery.

Corn Laws

Tariffs on imported grain that were opposed by liberals and working-class groups.

The New Deal

A series of programs launched by Franklin D. Roosevelt aimed at economic recovery during the Great Depression.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

An agency established to create jobs through public works projects during the Great Depression.

Surrealism

An art movement seeking to express the unconscious mind.

Expressionism

An art movement that distorted reality to evoke emotion.

Impressionism

An art movement that focused on capturing fleeting effects of light and color.

Post-Impressionism

An art movement that emphasized structure and symbolism.

Cavour

A key figure in Italian unification from Sardinia-Piedmont, known for his diplomatic strategies.

Garibaldi

A leader who commanded southern Italian forces in the unification effort.

Mazzini

A romantic nationalist visionary who dreamed of a unified Italy.

Otto von Bismarck

Unified Germany through strategy of 'blood and iron'

Berlin Conference (1884-85)

Aimed to divide Africa among European powers, leading to the Scramble for Africa.

Opium Wars

Wars sparked by British exports of opium to China.

Boxer Rebellion

A Chinese uprising against foreign influence.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand Assassination

Ignited World War I.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Allowed Russia to exit WWI, ceding territory to Germany.

Fronde

A noble uprising during Louis XIV’s childhood that attempted to limit the monarchy.

Glorious Revolution

Replaced James II with William and Mary without bloodshed, establishing a constitutional monarchy in England.

English Bill of Rights (1689)

Aimed to limit the powers of the monarchy and affirm parliamentary authority.

The Great Depression

A severe worldwide economic downturn triggered by the 1929 U.S. stock market crash.

Cubism

An art movement that emphasized fragmented, geometric forms, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque.

Social Darwinism

Justified European imperialism by promoting the belief in the superiority of European races.

Blitzkrieg

Military strategy used by Germany to conquer much of Europe quickly.

Nuremberg Laws

Anti-Semitic laws that stripped Jews of citizenship and rights.

Nazi-Soviet Pact

A non-aggression agreement between Germany and the USSR.

Marshall Plan

Aimed to rebuild Europe after WWII and prevent the spread of communism.

Yalta Conference

Conference that established post-WWII plans for Europe, including the division of Germany and the formation of the United Nations.

Nuremberg Trials

Trials held after WWII to prosecute prominent leaders of Nazi Germany for war crimes.

Kulaks

Wealthier peasants, were targeted during collectivization

Gulags

Labor camps where political prisoners and dissidents were sent.

Khrushchev's 'Secret Speech'

Denounced Stalin's abuses.

Brezhnev Doctrine

Asserted the USSR's right to intervene in socialist countries to maintain communist rule.

Gorbachev's policies of perestroika

Aimed to reform the Soviet economy and encourage free discussion, respectively, but ultimately contributed to the USSR's collapse.

Charles de Gaulle

French leader who opposed reliance on the U.S. and advocated for a strong, independent Europe.

Truman Doctrine

U.S. policy to support free peoples resisting communism.

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

Military alliance to counter Soviet expansion, relying on the principle of collective security.

The Maastricht Treaty

Aimed to create the European Union, promoting greater economic integration and cooperation among member states.