IB BIO FINAL

What is the proper order from smallest to largest of the hierarchy of life?

Organism → species → population → community → ecosystem → biomes → biosphere

What is a chi-squared test used for in ecological research?

To test whether two species tend to live together.

What is a density-independent factor for a kangaroo?

A forest fire.

What does juglone produced by black walnut illustrate?

Allelopathy.

Which organism is classified as a saprotroph?

A fungus that feeds by secretion of digestive enzymes onto its food and absorption of digested material.

What is the nutritional mode of the Australian pitcher plant?

Autotroph and heterotroph.

What does the pyramid of energy show?

Most energy is lost by the autotrophs.

What does the amount of rain in a temperate grassland illustrate?

Bottom-up control.

How to classify Yersinia pestis?

Facultative anaerobe.

What classifies greenhouse gases?

They trap some of the long-wave radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface.

What is not a characteristic of long-term sustainability of ecosystems?

Production of yearly offspring.

How does eutrophication affect aquatic organisms?

Aerobic bacteria use up all of the oxygen for cellular respiration.

What is not a form of carbon sequestration?

Deforestation.

What adverse effect does ocean absorption of CO2 have on marine life?

Corals deposit less calcium carbonate to form skeletons.

What is saltatory conduction?

Conduction of impulses along myelinated neurons.

What property of antibiotics makes them effective?

They block metabolic pathways in prokaryotes.

What is the correct statement about sodium-potassium pumps?

Sodium-potassium pumps are important for depolarization.

What are two effects of HIV on the immune system?

Reduction in antibody production and decrease in active lymphocytes.

Which part of the brain is paired incorrectly with its function?

The frontal lobe – auditory processing.

What enters the presynaptic neuron during synaptic transmission?

Calcium ions (Ca²⁺); Neurotransmitter.

What is the correct sequence of factors in blood clotting?

Platelets → clotting factors → fibrinogen → fibrin.

What is a feature of neurons?

Interneurons are in the CNS.

What can be concluded from the threshold potential graph?

The threshold potential is approximately –40 mV.

What zoonotic disease is matched incorrectly with its pathogen?

Japanese encephalitis is caused by bacteria.

What cell is a component of the innate immune system?

Phagocyte.

What deductions can be made about blood groups?

A person of blood group B can receive O blood.

How is the Na/K ion ratio established during resting potential?

Actively transferred out; Actively transferred in.

Why is it difficult to eliminate pathogens?

Continuous research has not proven effective.

Which of the following is not a sensory receptor?

Baroreceptor.

What distinguishes capillaries from other blood vessels?

They have thin, permeable walls to allow exchange of materials.

What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node?

To stimulate the contraction of the walls of the atria.

How does the hypothalamus respond to low body temperature?

It triggers responses to increase body temperature.

What is not a feature of alveoli?

They are small so keep the gases concentrated.

What happens to pressure and volume when external intercostal muscles contract?

Pressure decreases and volume increases.

What blood flow does the right semilunar valve prevent?

Backflow of blood to the right atrium during ventricular contraction.

Why do large organisms need specialized gas exchange structures?

Because they have a large surface area to volume ratio.

What causes thorax expansion during inspiration?

The contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.

What is a property of arteries?

Arteries have elastic walls.

What explains the correlation in the blood glucose and liver glycogen graph?

Liver cells respond to insulin by speeding up conversion of glucose to glycogen.

What are the functions of X and Y in the circulatory system?

To prevent backflow into the atrium during ventricular contraction.

What are the tidal volume and ventilation rate based on spirometer reading?

0.5 Tidal volume, 15 ventilation rate.

What is the state of the valves when ventricles are contracting?

Open open closed.