IB BIO FINAL

Ecosystems Part C

1. Which is the proper order from smallest to largest of the hierarchy of life?
   C. Organism → species → population → community → ecosystem → biomes → biosphere ✅

1. a chi-squared test be used in ecological research?
   B. To test whether two species tend to live together ✅

1. Which is a density-independent factor for a kangaroo?
   A. A forest fire ✅

1. Black walnut (Juglans nigra) secretes the chemical juglone into the soil, inhibiting cell respiration in other species of plants. What does this example illustrate?
   C. Allelopathy ✅

1. Which organism would be classified as a saprotroph?
   C. A fungus that feeds by secretion of digestive enzymes onto its food and absorption of digested material ✅

1. The Australian pitcher plant (Cephalotus follicularis) is a green plant that traps and feeds on flies and other live insects. What is this plant’s mode of nutrition?
   C. Autotroph and heterotroph ✅

1. The pyramid of energy shows the annual gross productivity for each trophic level in the Silver Springs ecosystem in Florida. What does the pyramid show?
   A. Most energy is lost by the autotrophs ✅

1. The amount of rain in a temperate grassland can dictate the population fluxes in various trophic levels of the food web. This is an example of what?
   D. Bottom-up control ✅

Ecosystems Part B4 & D4

Yersinia pestis is a bacterium that caused an outbreak of bubonic plague. It produces ATP in the presence of oxygen but can still produce ATP if oxygen is absent. Which term describes this characteristic?
B. Facultative anaerobe ✅

What are common features of holozoic nutrition and saprotrophic nutrition?
C. × ✓ ×  ✅

Greenhouse gases are found in the atmosphere. What classifies them as greenhouse gases?
A. They trap some of the long-wave radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface ✅

Which of the following is not a characteristic of long-term sustainability of ecosystems?
B. Production of yearly offspring ✅

How does eutrophication lead to the death of aquatic organisms?
A.Aerobic bacteria use up all of the oxygen for cellular respiration ✅

Which of the following is not a form of carbon sequestration?
C. Deforestation ✅

The oceans absorb much of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. What adverse effect does this have on marine life?
C. Corals deposit less calcium carbonate to form skeletons ✅

Nervous System & Defense against DIsease

1. Saltatory conduction is a term applied to conduction of impulses:
   C. Along myelinated neurons ✅

1. What property of antibiotics makes them effective in the treatment of infectious diseases?
   B. They block metabolic pathways in prokaryotes ✅

1. Which of the following statements is correct?
   D. Sodium-potassium pumps are important for depolarization ✅

1. What are two effects of HIV on the immune system?
   C. Reduction in antibody production and decrease in active lymphocytes ✅

1. Which part of the brain is paired incorrectly with its function?
   D. The frontal lobe – auditory processing ✅

1. What substance enters the presynaptic neuron during synaptic transmission and what substance leaves it?
   D. Calcium ions (Ca²⁺); Neurotransmitter ✅

1. The diagram shows the movement of ions that can occur across the membrane of a neuron.
   A. They are actively pumped out and some re-enter by facilitated diffusion ✅

1. What is the correct sequence of factors involved in blood clotting?
   C. Platelets → clotting factors → fibrinogen → fibrin ✅

1. What is a feature of neurons?
   D. Interneurons are in the CNS ✅

1. What can be concluded from the graph?
   D. The threshold potential is approximately –40 mV ✅

1. Which of the following zoonotic diseases is matched incorrectly with its pathogen?
   D. Japanese encephalitis is caused by bacteria ✅

1. Which cell is a component of the innate immune system?
   B. Phagocyte ✅

1. Blood groups depend on the presence and absence of antigens on the surface of red blood cells. What deductions can be made?
   B. A person of blood group B can receive O blood ✅

1. How is the Na/K ion ratio established during the resting potential phase of neuron activity?
   B. Actively transferred out; Actively transferred in ✅

1. Despite continuous scientific research into the control of pathogens, it has proved very difficult to eliminate them. What is/are the reason(s) for this?
   C. II & III ✅

1. Which of the following is not a sensory receptor?
   B. Baroreceptor ✅

Hormones, Respiratory, & Circulatory Systems

1. What distinguishes capillaries from other blood vessels?

C. They have thin, permeable walls to allow exchange of materials between tissue and blood.

2. What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node?

B. To stimulate the contraction of the walls of the atria

3. How does the hypothalamus respond to low body temperature?

3. What is not a feature of alveoli?
   D. They are small so keep the gases inside them more concentrated

3. What change occurs to the pressure and volume of the lungs when the external intercostal muscles contract?
   : C. Pressure decreases and volume increases

3. What blood flow does the right semilunar valve prevent?
   : A. Backflow of blood to the right atrium during ventricular contraction

3. For what reason do large organisms need specialized gas exchange structures?
   : A. They have a large surface area to volume ratio

3. What causes the expansion of the thorax during inspiration?
   : D. The contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

3. What is a property of arteries?
   : A. Arteries have elastic walls

3. Which statement explains the correlation shown in the graph? (Blood glucose and liver glycogen graph)

D. Liver cells respond to insulin by speeding up the conversion of blood glucose into glycogen

11. What are the functions of X and Y?

B. To prevent backflow into the atrium when the ventricle contracts.

12. What are the tidal volume and the ventilation rate of spirometer reading?

D. 0.5 Tidal volume, 15 ventilation rate

13. In what state are the valves when the ventricles are contracting?

: D. open open closed