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what is the structure of solids?
Particles in solids are arranged in a highly ordered and fixed pattern, forming a crystalline lattice.
describe the movement of particles in a solid
Particles in a solid can only vibrate about their fixed positions.
why do solids have high density?
Solids generally have higher densities compared to liquids and gases because their particles are tightly packed.
what is the structure of liquids?
Particles in liquids are still close together but not in a fixed arrangement.
describe the movement of particles in a liquid
Particles can move around and slide past one another, allowing liquids to change shape while maintaining volume.
what is the structure of gasses?
Particles in gases are far apart compared to solids and liquids. There is no fixed arrangement, and particles move freely.
describe the movement of gas particles
Gas particles move rapidly and randomly in all directions.
what happens in melting?
When a solid is heated, its particles gain energy and vibrate more vigorously until they overcome the strong intermolecular forces holding them in place
what happens in freezing?
When a liquid is cooled, its particles lose energy and move less, allowing the intermolecular forces to arrange them into a fixed, orderly structure
what happens in boiling?
When a liquid is heated, its particles gain enough energy to overcome the intermolecular forces holding them together. They break free and form a gas.
what happens in condensation?
When a gas is cooled, its particles lose energy and move closer together, forming a liquid as intermolecular forces pull them together.
what happens in sublimation?
In some substances, particles gain enough energy to transition directly from solid to gas without passing through the liquid phase.
what happens in depostion?
Gas particles lose enough energy to transition directly into a solid without passing through the liquid phase.
what is density?
Density is the measure of how compact the mass in an object/substance is Mass per unit volume
what is buoyancy ?
Objects with lower density than a fluid will float in that fluid.
what is pressure?
Pressure (P) is the force exerted per unit area.
what is atmospheric pressure?
The pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere. At sea level, it is approximately 101,325 Pa (1 atm).
what is gauge pressure?
the pressure relative to atmospheric pressure
what is absolute pressure?
The total pressure including atmospheric pressure.
what is hydrostatic pressure?
The pressure in a fluid at a given depth due to the weight of the fluid above it.
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