Purdue COM 114 Test-Out

Characteristics of Effective Speaking

Goal-Directed, Audience-Centered, and Ethical

Cognitive Restructuring

A method to help reduce communication anxiety by replacing irriational thoughts

Communication Apprehension

Broad term that refers to an individual's "fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person"

Cut-and-Paste Plagiarism

Taking bits and pieces of information from various sources and claiming them as your own or without the use of proper citations

Excessive Collaboration

Completeing or writing an assignment or body of work with the help of another person and without establishing proper credit to that person

Fabrication

The act of making up (or even leaving things out) in order to benefit your arguement

Incremental Plagiarism

Failing to give credit for small bits of a presentation. Typically from misusing quations or incorrect paraphrasing

Misrepresentation

The act of using an entire body of work and claiming it as your own

Plagiarism

Claiming someone elses ideas or words as your own

Presentational Speaking

Conveying information through speech to a public audience. Is less formal, reaches a smaller amount of people, and is mkre interactive.

Skills Training

A way to deal with communication apprehension by improving communcation skills, such as taking a communications course

Visualization

Another method to deal with communciation apprehension that involves one picturing himself being successful

Self-Plagiarism

Using an idea or piece of evidence from one of your own previously developed texts in a new body of work without properly citing

Systematic Desensitization

A type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

Attitude

An individual's evaluation of an object, event, policy, person

Audience Analysis

Learning about the diverse characteristics of the people who make up the audience

Captive Audiences

Listeners who are forced to attend your presentation

Closed-Ended Questions

Questions that can be answered in short or single word responses (Yes or No)

Demographics

Traits that describe your audience

Direct Methods

Asking audience members directly for their opinion by questionnaires, interviews, and so on

Favorable Audiences

The group of people receiving the presentation share the same attitudes that the presenter has

Focus Groups

A strategy to obtain data from a small group of people using interview questions

Friendly Audiences

Another name for a Favorable Audience

Hostile Audiences

Listeners who are in disagreement with the presenter's position

Identification

The process of expressing ideas and beliefs that you and your audience share

Indirect Methods

Conducting audience Analysis from any source but the audience

Inoculation

An opportunity to educate people and to protect audience members against counterpersuasion

Interviews

A means of audience Analysis in which a 1 on 1 interview is conducted

Involvement

The personal relevance toward, or interest in, a particular product

Motivated Audiences

Listeners who consider all of the presenters arguments, analyze supporting material, and examine credibility

Neutral Audiences

"A blank canvas", a group of listeners who have yet to make an opinion on a presentation

Open-Ended Questions

Questions that allow respondents to answer however they want

Passive Audiences

Listeners who don't put forth much effort to examine the message of a presenter

Psychological Factors

Motivation, perception, learning, beliefs and attitudes

Questionnaires

a list of questions to be asked of respondents in order to collect research on an audience

Surveys

research in which a representative sample of people are asked (often anonymously) questions about their attitudes or behavior

Values

Ideals we one day hope to achieve. These make up attitudes

Voluntary Audiences

Listeners who willingly come to your presentation. They are likely more engaged

Word Selection

Helps establish your credibility as a speaker. Remember to use the proper level of words depending on your audience

General Purpose Statement

The overarching goal of a speech; for instance, to inform, to persuade, to inspire, to celebrate, to mourn, or to entertain

Infinitive Phrase

Phrases that begin with an infinitive. (to + simple form of the verb)

Informative Presentation

Involves describing,explaining, or demonstrating. The presenters role is to be the teacher

Localizing

Making an event relevant at the local level

Persuasive Presentation

Influences the attitudes beliefs or behaviors of an audience

Specific Purpose Statement

Conveys what you want your audience to walk away from the presentation knowing

Thesis Statement

Refined the purpose of the presentation and is a summary of the main idea

Weblogs

AKA Blogs, self-published online journals

Attention-Gaining Device

A tool used by speaker to gain immediate attention from an audience

Clincher

Closing ideas designed to keep the reader thinking

Conclusion

Review of information and a place where the speaker leaves his final thoughts

Credibility

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic

Credibility Statement

States the speakers experiences or educational qualifications that make them an expert on a given topic

Direct Question

A question that asks for an overt response from listeners

Introduction

Sets the tone for the presentation, gains audience attention, establishes speaker credibility, relates topic to the audience, and previews the topic and main points

Narrative Transport

The result of a highly involving message where people become immersed in the storyline

Preview Statement

A statement in the intro of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body

Primacy Effect

Tendency to remember the first part of a presentation

Recency Effect

Tendency to remember the end of a presentation

Relevance Statement

Statement made to the audience that explains how the speech will specifically relate to the audience

Rhetorical Question

A question asked merely for effect with no answer expected

Balance

Speaker should spend the same amount of time on each main point

Causal Design

Seeks to establish a cause-effect relationship between two events

Chronological Pattern

A pattern that organizes a speech by how something develops or occurs in a time sequence

Chunking

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Directional Transitions

Phrases that let the audience know you are moving away from one idea and onto another

Internal Previews

Primes the audience for the content immediately ahead

Internal Summaries

A review of main points or subpoints given before going on to the next point in a speech

Main Points

The principal subdivisions of a speech

Organizational Pattern

A structure that delineates the nature of the relationship between your main points

Parallel Wording

Using the same phrasing of words for your main points

Problem-Solution Design

A persuasive speech pattern in which listeners are first persuaded that they have a problem and then are shown how to solve it

Signposts

Transitions that mark the exact location in a speech

Spatial Pattern

A pattern that organizes a speech by the physical or directional relationship between objects or places

Topical Pattern

An order of presentation in which the main topic is divided into a series of related subtopics

Transitions

Words, phrases, or sentences that establish connections between ideas when writing or speaking

Brief Example

Used to further illustrate a point in 1-2 examples

Examples

type of supporting evidence/ also called stories or narratives

Expert Testimony

Evidence from people who have experience or proper education making them an expert on the topic

Extended Examples

a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point

Hypothetical Examples

An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation

Localizing

Relating statistics to the audience

Peer Testimony

Opinions from ordinary people who have experience

Prestige Testimony

Paraphrase or quotation of the opinion of a celebrity or famous individual

Statistics

Supporting evidence that consists of numerical facts

Testimony

Quotations or paraphrases of an authoritative source to clarify or prove a point

APA Style

A particular method for organizing research into an outline and reference page. Popular in the social sciences and stands for the American Psychological Association

Coordination

The ideas with the same level of importance use the same kind of numbers (Roman and Arabic) and letters (capitalized and lower case) to visually indicate the levels of importance

Delivery Cues

directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech

Preparation Outline

A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech (in full sentences)

Framework

A less formal and complete version of a preparation outline

Reference Page

A list of sources sometimes included with a report (Use APA for this course)

"Rule of 2"

Requires that a main point or sub-point must come in at least pairs of 2

Speaking Outline

A brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech

Subordination

All main-points are supported by sub-points

Subpoint

A point in a speech that develops an aspect of a main point

Comprehensiveness

Thoroughness of information in presentation

Desired State

A step in a instructional presentation that explains the end goal

Elucidating Explanation

An explanation that illuminates a concept's meaning and use

Explanatory Speaking

Deepens the audience's understanding on a specific issue

Factuality

The extent to which the material presented in the speech actually corresponds to the research in a given area