AP_Euro_U7_AMSCO

Nationalism

A strong emotional attachment to one’s ethnic or cultural group, emerging in the early 1800s.

Imperialism

The policy of extending a country’s power and influence through colonization, military force, or other means.

Liberalism

An ideology that advocates for individual freedoms, limited government, and civil rights.

Socialism

A political and economic theory advocating for collective or governmental ownership of production and distribution.

Objectivity

The practice of perceiving facts without personal bias or emotion, often associated with Enlightenment ideals.

Subjectivity

The practice of expressing personal feelings and emotions in art and literature, typical of Romanticism.

Romanticism

An artistic and intellectual movement emphasizing emotion, individualism, and nature, prevalent in the late 18th to mid-19th century.

Realism

An artistic movement focused on depicting everyday life and society accurately, without idealization.

Pan-Slavism

A nationalist movement seeking to unite all Slavic peoples under one nation or political system.

Antisemitism

Discrimination, prejudice, or hostility against Jewish people.

Pogrom

Violent riots aimed at the massacre or persecution of a particular ethnic or religious group, particularly Jews.

Dreyfus Affair

A political scandal in France involving the wrongful conviction of a Jewish army officer, leading to debates on antisemitism.

Zionism

A movement for the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Dual Monarchy

The political structure established in Austria-Hungary that recognized dual administrations for Austria and Hungary.

Realpolitik

A political system based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations.

Kulturkampf

Bismarck's struggle to subordinate the Catholic Church to the state in Germany.

Sepoy Rebellion

An 1857 rebellion in India against British rule, sparked by cultural insensitivity to Indian customs.

Berlin Conference

A meeting in 1884-5 to regulate European colonization and trade in Africa.

The White Man’s Burden

A phrase used to justify European imperialism, suggesting that it was the duty of Europeans to civilize less developed nations.

Social Darwinism

The application of Darwin’s theory of evolution to social, political, and economic issues, often used to justify imperialism.

Crimean War

A conflict from 1853 to 1856 where the Ottoman Empire, with the help of Britain and France, fought against Russia.

Piedmont-Sardinia

A significant Italian state that played a vital role in the unification of Italy in the 19th century.

Otto von Bismarck

The Prussian statesman known for his role in the unification of Germany through realpolitik and wars.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

An Italian general and nationalist who played a key role in the unification of Italy.

Napoleon III

The Emperor of France from 1852 to 1870, known for his authoritarian regime and industrial modernization.

King Leopold II

The Belgian king notorious for his brutal exploitation of the Congo Free State.

Levée en masse

A French term for mass conscription, critical to the mobilization of large armies during wars.

Romantic idealism

The belief in the nobility of individual and collective human spirit, often expressed through art.

The Battle of Adwa

The 1896 battle in which Ethiopian forces defeated the Italians, preserving Ethiopian sovereignty.

Franco-Prussian War

A conflict between France and Prussia (1870-1871) that resulted in the unification of Germany.

Austro-Hungarian Empire

A multiethnic empire in Central Europe that existed from 1867 to 1918, comprising various ethnic groups.

Wilhelm II

The last German Emperor and King of Prussia, whose aggressive policies contributed to the outbreak of World War I.

Luddism

A movement in the early 19th century where workers protested against industrialization and mechanization.

The Age of Enlightenment

An intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries.

Racialism

The belief that races have inherent differences which determine their respective cultural or individual achievements.

Economic imperialism

Control of a foreign economy through the use of investment or trade rather than direct political control.

Cultural imperialism

The practice of promoting one culture over another, often through media and education.

Ethnic cleansing

The deliberate and systematic removal or extermination of an ethnic or religious group.

Industrial Revolution

The period of major industrialization during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that transformed economies and societies.

Occupation

The control or settlement of a territory by foreign power.

Communism

A political and socioeconomic ideology focusing on class struggle and the establishment of a classless society.

Social reform movement

A collective effort by groups of people to enact change within a society.

Constitutional monarchy

A system of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a constitution.

Feudalism

A social system in medieval Europe in which land was held by lords who rented it to vassals in exchange for service.

Utilitarianism

A philosophical theory advocating that the best action is the one that maximizes utility, defined as that which produces the greatest well-being of the greatest number.

Feminism

A movement advocating for women's rights and equality in political, social, and economic spheres.

Dialectical materialism

A philosophy of history and economics conceived by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels as a method for understanding socio-economic changes.

Mass politics

A political framework in which the activities of large groups of people become a significant factor in governance.

Worker’s rights

The legal, social, and economic rights of workers within their workplace.

Public health movements

Initiatives aimed at improving health standards and healthcare access for populations.

Civil rights

The rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.

Secularism

The principle of separation of religion from political and social institutions.

Collective bargaining

The negotiation of wages and other conditions of employment by an organized body of employees.

Conservatism

A political philosophy promoting traditional institutions in the context of culture and civilization.

Anarchism

A political philosophy that advocates for a society without government or authority.

Folk traditions

Cultural practices and beliefs that are passed down through generations, often rooted in rural or regional heritage.

Decolonization

The process of relinquishing or reducing colonial control over a territory, often leading to independence.

Alienation

A feeling of isolation or estrangement experienced by individuals in industrial societies.

Suffrage movement

A political movement advocating for the extension of voting rights to various disenfranchised groups.

Mass media

Forms of communication that reach large audiences, essential for disseminating information and cultural values.

Technological advancements

Innovative developments in technology that facilitate changes in society, industry, and culture.

Transnational identity

An identity that transcends national boundaries, often resulting from global migration and diaspora.

Engagement in public life

Participation of citizens in the civic life of their community, including politics, advocacy, and social movements.

Cultural exchange

The sharing of ideas, traditions, and cultural practices between societies.

Activism

The policy or action of using vigorous campaigning to bring about political or social change.

International cooperation

Collaborative efforts between countries to achieve common objectives and solve global issues.