Chapter 3: Body Structure, Color, and Oncology

1. Connect medical language learning to the context of anatomy and physiology. 2. Introduce the basic architecture and levels of organization of the human body. 3. Describe body cavities and the functions of associated membranes. 4. Define and spell word parts related to color. 5. Define and spell word parts related to oncology.

Anatomy focuses on…

structure

Physiology focuses on…

function

Much of the study of physiology centers on the body’s tendency toward…

homeostasis

Consider the structures of the body in terms of fundamental levels of organization that increase in…

complexity

All matter in the universe is composed of one or more unique pure substances called…

elements

The smallest unit of any element is a(n)…

atom

Atoms are made up of…

subatomic particles

Two or more atoms combine to form a(n)…

molecule

____ are the building blocks of all body structures

molecules

The smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism is called a…

cell

____ perform all functions of life.

cells

A group of many similar cells that work together to perform a similar function is a(n)…

tissue

An anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types is called a(n)…

organ

A group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet the physiological needs of the body is called a(n)…

organ system

How many distinct organ systems are there in the body?

eleven

Encloses internal body structures and the site of many sensory receptors

integumentary system

What organs contribute to the integumentary system?

hair, skin, nails

Supports the body and enables movement along with the muscular system

skeletal system

What organs contribute to the skeletal system?

Cartilage, bones, joints

Helps maintain body temperature and enables movement along with the skeletal system.

muscular system

What organs contribute to the muscular system?

skeletal muscles, tendons

Activates bodily responses and detects and processes sensory information.

nervous system

What organs contribute to the nervous system?

brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

secretes hormones and regulates bodily processes

endocrine system

What organs contribute to the endocrine system?

pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes/ovaries

Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues and equalizes temperature in the body.

Cardiovascular system

What organs contribute to the cardiovascular system?

heart, blood vessels

Returns fluid to blood and defends against pathogens

lymphatic system

What organs contribute to the lymphatic system?

thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels

Removes carbon dioxide from the body and delivers oxygen to the blood

respiratory system

What organs contribute to the respiratory system?

nasal passage, trachea, lungs

Processes food for use by the body and delivers oxygen to the blood

digestive system

What organs contribute to the digestive system?

stomach, liver, gall bladder, large intestine, small intestine

Controls water balance in the body and removes wastes from the blood and excretes them

urinary system

What organs contribute to the urinary system?

Kidneys and urinary bladder

Produces sex hormones and gametes and delivers gametes to the other sex

male reproductive system

what organs contribute to the male reproductive system?

epididymis and testes

produces sex hormones and gametes, supports embryo/fetus until birth, produces milk for infant

female reproductive system

What organs contribute to the female reproductive system?

mammary glands, ovaries, uterus

highest level of organization; a living being that has a cellular structure and can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life

organism

Cells in the human body are organized into _____ broad categories of tissues

four

the sheets of cells that cover exterior surfaces of the body, line internal cavities and passageways, and form certain glands.

Epithelial tissue or epithelium

lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs and skin surface are all types of _____ tissue

epithelial

binds the cells and organs of the body together and functions in the protection, support, and integration of all parts of the body

connective tissue

fat and other soft padding tissue; bone; tendon are all types of _____ tissue

connective

excitable, responding to stimulation and contracting to provide movement

muscle tissue

______ tissue occurs as three major types

muscle

what are the three types of muscle tissue?

skeletal (voluntary), smooth, cardiac

excitable, allowing the propagation of electrochemical signals in the form of nerve impulses that communicate between different regions of the body

nervous tissue

brain, spinal cord, and nerves are all types of _____ tissue

nervous

What are the two largest body compartments?

dorsal (posterior) cavity and ventral (anterior) cavity

The _____ cavity allows for significant changes in the size and shape of the organs as they perform their functions

ventral

The two main subdivisions of the posterior (dorsal) cavity are the…

cranial cavity and spinal cavity

houses the brain and is protected by the bones of the skull and cerebrospinal fluid

cranial cavity

encloses the spinal cord and is protected by the vertebral column and cerebrospinal fluid

spinal (vertebral) cavity

The two main subdivisions of the anterior (ventral) cavity are the…

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

the more superior subdivision of the anterior cavity, and is enclosed by the rib cage

thoracic cavity

the heart is located in the…

mediastinum

forms the floor of the thoracic cavity and separates it from the more inferior abdominopelvic cavity

diaphragm

the largest cavity in the body

abdominopelvic cavity

____ membrane(s) divide the abdominopelvic cavity

0

the abdominopelvic cavity houses the…

digestive organs

enclosed by the pelvic bones and houses some urinary organs, reproductive organs, and some structures of the digestive system

pelvic cavity

a thin layer or sheet of cells that covers the outside of the body, the organs, internal passageways, that lead to the exterior of the body, and the lining of the movable joint cavities

tissue membrane

the two basic types of tissue membranes are…

connective tissue membrane and epithelial membrane

formed solely from connective tissue; these membranes encapsulate organs and line our movable joints

connective tissue membrane

a type of connective tissue membrane that lines the cavity of a freely movable joint

synovial membrane

composed of epithelium attached to a layer of connective tissue

epithelial membrane

what are the three types of epithelial membranes?

mucous membrane, cutaneous membrane, serous membrane

a composite of connective and epithelial tissues and it lines the body cavities and hollow passageways that open to the external environment

mucous membrane (mucosae)

What covers the epithelial layer of a mucous membrane?

mucus

What is mucus produced by?

epithelial exocrine glands

the underlying connective tissue in the mucous membrane that helps support the fragile epithelial layer; own layer

lamina propria

a stratified squamous epithelial membrane resting on top of connective tissue; skin

cutaneous membrane

the _____ _______ of the cutaneous membrane is exposed to the external environment and is covered with dead, keratinized cells that help protect the body from desiccation and pathogens

apical surface

an epithelial membrane composed of mesodermally derived epithelium called the mesothelium that is supported by connective tissue

serous membrane (serosa)

mesodermally derived epithelium

mesothelium

serous membranes line the ______ ______ of the body, and they cover the organs located within these cavities

coelomic cavities

connective tissue on the ______, and mesothelium on the ______

outside, inside

What are the two layers of the serous membrane?

parietal layers, visceral layer (viscera)

line the walls of the body cavity

parietal layers

covers the organs

visceral layer (viscera)

Between the parietal and visceral layers is a very thin…

fluid-filled serous space

There are three serous cavities and their associated membranes:

pleura, pericardium, peritoneum

surrounds the lungs in its respective cavity and reduces friction between the lungs and the body wall

pleura

surrounds the heart in its respective cavity and reduces friction between the heart and the wall of this cavity

pericardium

surrounds several organs in the abdominopelvic cavity. its respective cavity reduces friction between the abdominal and pelvic organs and the body wall

peritoneum

color, colored

chrom/o

green

chlor/o

blue

cyan/o

red

erythr/o

white

leuk/o

black

melan/o

yellow

xanth/o

noncancerous, or remaining within the tissue in which it developed.

benign

cancerous, or capable of spreading to other tissues

malignant

when a malignant tumor has spread to other tissues or organs

metastasized

cancer

cancer/o or carcin/o

tumor, mass

onc/o

suffix for tumor, swelling (noun); when used alone, it typically refers to a benign tumor

-oma