Botlec - Module 4: roots

ROOTS

anchorage of the plant

PROPAGATION

reproduction of plant through roots

RADICLE

Embryo’s first root

HYPOCOTYL

Above the radicle; support the cotyledon

PLUMOLE

where the shoot emerges from

MICROPYLE

Where the radicle emerges from

TAP ROOT SYSTEM

roots found in Dicot plants

FIBROUS ROOTS

Roots found in Monocot plants

TAP ROOT SYSTEM

Root system that deeply anchors the plant in the ground

TAPROOT SWOLLEN

Type of taproot; Single and large taproot extending from the stem

TAPROOT PRIMARY

Type of taproot; larger that average root going deeper into the soil

TAPROOT EVEN

Type of taproot; Number of large equal sized taproots

FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM

Secondary roots continue to grow until all roots are nearly equal in size; absorbs water and nutrients quickly

ADVENTITOUS ROOTS

Roots grow from other parts of the plant other than the base of the stem

SEED GERMINATION

process by which a plant grows from a seed into a seedling; Root growth starts from…

APICAL MERISTEM

Controls primary growth; growth in length

LATERAL MERISTEM

Controls secondary growth; growth in width

ROOT CAP

located at the tip; for protection, mucilage, and gravitropism

CALYPTOGEN/CALYPTRA

Tissue of the root cap

THIMBLE

Shape of the root cap

GRAVITROPISM

uses amyloplast/statoliths as gravity sensors

PRIMARY, SECONDARY, AND TERTIARY ROOTS

External structure of a root

ROOT CAP, REGION OF CELL DIVISION, REGION OF ELONGATION, AND REGION OF MATURATION

Internal root system in a taproot

PROTODERM

Forms the epidermis

GROUND MERISTEM

Forms the ground tissue

PROCAMBIUM

Forms the vascular tissue

REGION OF ELONGATION

Cells become longer and wider

XYLEM OR PHLOEM

Region of maturation inside the root

EPIDERMIS

Region of maturation outside the root; absorb water and dissolved minerals

ROOT HAIR

Tubular outgrowth of hair on the epidermis of a plant root; increases surface area of the root

CUTICLE

waxy layer on the root (bot not on the root hair)

CORTEX

lies between the epidermis and inner tissues

ENDODERMIS

Inner boundary of cortex

CASPARIAN STRIP

Wax (suberin) around endodermis; regulates water and mineral uptake and transport by the roots

VASCULAR CYLINDER

aka stele; lies to the inside of the endodermis

PERICYCLE

divide to produce lateral roots and gives rise to a cork cambium; parenchyma tissue

CORK CAMBIUM

produces cork which becomes part of the bark of the root

X SHAPE

Arrangement of xylem and phloem in a Dicot root

RING SHAPES

Arrangement of xylem and phloem in a Monocot root

FOOD STORAGE ROOTS

roots are enlarge of and store large quantities of starch and other carbohydrates, which may later be used for extensive growth

Dioscorea alata

Scientific name of cassava

WATER STORAGE ROOTS

Plants that grow in arid regions; grows structures that retain water

Cucurbita maxima

Scientific name of Pumpkins

Marah organus

Scientific name of Manroots

Cucurbita perennis

Scientific name of Calabazilla

Citrullus lanatus

Scientific name of Watermelon

PROPAGATIVE ROOTS

produces adventitious buds along the roots that grow near the surface of the ground

SUCKERS

buds develop into aerial stems

ROOTED SUCKERS

can be separated from the original root and grow individually

Prunus avium

Scientific name of Cherries

Pyrus communis

Scientific name of Pear

PNUEMATOPHORES

aka breathing roots; to help plants that grow in a very wet areas like swamps to get enough oxygen; roots above the surface of the water

Avicenna germininans

Scientific name of Black Mangrove

CONTRACTILE ROOTS

continually pull the plants deeper into the soil as the stem elongates

Lilium spp

Scientific name of Lily

Taraxacum officinale

Scientific name of Dandelion

Hyacinthus orientals

Scientific name of Hyacinth

BUTTRESS ROOTS

large roots on all sides of a tall or shallowly rooted tree; provide support and stability to a tree

PARASITIC ROOTS

parasitize their host plants via peg-like projections

HAUSTORIA

Peg-like projections used by parasitic roots

AERIAL ROOTS

Roots growing above the ground

ORCHIDS

Aerial plant that produces velamen roots

CORN

Aerial plant that has prop roots

IVIES

Aerial plant that has adventitious roots

VANILA ORCHIDS

Aerial plant that has photosynthetic roots

SYMBIOTIC ROOTS

form a mutualistic association with plant roots

ECTOMYCORRHIZAE

fungi grow in the outermost layers of the cortex cells of the root (trees)

MYCORRHIZAE

aka fungal root; fungi that have a symbiotic relationship with the roots of many plants

ENDOMYCORRHIAZE

Fungi penetrates the cortex cells, al the way to the endodermis

RHIZOBIA

Root and bacteria symbiotic; nitrogen fixation, convert N2 to NH3 to use by plant for protein synthesis

OSMOSIS

absorption of water is chiefly or mainly occurs because water is present in higher concentration in the soil than within the epidermal cells.

EPIDERMAL CELLS

Permeable to water

Colocosia esculenta

Scientific name of Gabi

GABI

tubers that yield amino acids; digestive, laxative, diuretic, lactogogue, and styptic

Mimosa pudica

Scientific name of Makahiya

Makahiya

yields flavonoids, phytosterol, alkaloids, amino acids, tannins, glycoside, and fatty acids; astringent, acrid, alexipharmic, antipasmodic, aphrodisiac, constipating, cooling, diuretic, emetic, febrifuge, resolvent, and vulnerary

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Scientific name of Anis (licorice)

ANIS SWEET ROOT

said to contain a glycyrrhizin, a saponin glycoside, that is roughly 50 times sweeter than cane sugar

ANIS

demulcent, emollient, expectorant, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, alterative, diuretic and laxative

Alocasia macrorrhizos

Scientific name of Biga

BIGA RHIZOMES

contains phytosterols, alkaloids, glucose and fructose

BIGA ROOTSTOCK

considered laxative and diuretic

Nephrolepis cordifolia

Scientific name of Bayabang

BAYABANG TUBER

found to contain high amounts of moisture, fat, carbohydrates, and calcium

BAYABANG RHIZOME

Contains high protein

Begonia coccinea

Scientific name of Begonia

BEGONIA ROOTS

Used for conjunctivitis

Chlorophytum comosum

Scientific name of spider plant

SPIDER PLANT ROOTS

yields sapogenins and saponins

SPIDER PLANT

antitumor, antiproliferative, indoor air-purifying, phytoremediative, burn wound healing properties

Imperata cylindrical

Scientific name of Kogon

KOGON

considered antifebrile, anthelmintic, antibacterial, diuretic, febrifuge, restorative, styptic, and tonic

Saccharum spontaneum

Scientific name of Talahib

TALAHIB

Yields terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, carbohydrates roots