APUSH Midterm Flashcards Chapters 1-23
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What were the Three Sisters in Native American agriculture?
Corn, beans, and squash grown together to sustain soil fertility and provide a balanced diet
How did New World staple crops affect Europe?
They increased calorie intake and caused rapid European population growth
What role did the New World play in the global economy?
It mainly supplied raw materials to European empires
Why did Europeans seek cheaper Asian goods?
To avoid Muslim-controlled land routes and reduce costs
Why was Africa targeted as a labor source?
Europeans viewed Africans as a permanent, controllable labor force for plantations
How did Portugal contribute to European exploration?
It pioneered long-range ocean navigation and sailing technology
How did the Renaissance encourage exploration?
It promoted optimism, curiosity, and confidence in human potential
Why did Native American populations decline so sharply?
Exposure to European diseases killed up to 90% of natives
What was the encomienda system?
A Spanish system that forced Native labor while promoting Christianization
Why were Spanish colonizers especially brutal?
They exploited Native labor intensely for gold and silver
Why did Jamestown struggle early on?
Disease, starvation, poor leadership, and lack of preparation
What were joint-stock companies?
Businesses that spread risk among investors to fund colonization
How were the Powhatan affected by English settlement?
They were displaced, exploited, and decimated by disease and war
Why was slavery initially uncommon in colonies?
Indentured servants were cheaper and temporary
How did Bacon’s Rebellion change labor systems?
It accelerated the shift from indentured servants to slavery
What crop dominated the Chesapeake economy?
Tobacco
What was the House of Burgesses?
The first representative assembly in colonial America
Why was Georgia founded?
As a buffer against Spanish Florida and a haven for debtors
Why was Maryland founded?
As a refuge for Catholics
What was the Mayflower Compact?
An agreement for self-government based on majority rule
What did Puritans believe about government?
It should enforce God’s laws
Why was Anne Hutchinson controversial?
She claimed salvation came directly from God, not church law
Why did Puritans migrate as families?
To build stable religious communities
What was King Philip’s War?
A devastating conflict between New England settlers and Native Americans
Why did England practice salutary neglect?
The colonies were not initially very profitable
Why were northern colonies more diverse?
They attracted many ethnic and religious groups
What was the headright system?
A land grant given to settlers who paid for passage
What was indentured servitude?
A labor system where workers exchanged years of labor for passage
Why did slavery expand in the colonies?
Plantation agriculture demanded permanent labor
Why were New England families stable?
Strong religious values and balanced gender ratios
Why did southern women have more authority?
Scarcity of women increased their social power
What was the Halfway Covenant?
A compromise allowing partial church membership
What caused the Salem Witch Trials?
Religious extremism, fear, and social tensions
What defined the New England economy?
Small farms, trade, fishing, and shipbuilding
What was the triangular trade?
Trade linking rum, slaves, and molasses across the Atlantic
What was the Maryland Act of Toleration?
A law granting limited religious freedom to Christians
What was the Great Awakening?
A religious revival emphasizing emotional faith
How were colonists taxed?
Through self-taxation by elected representatives
Who could vote in colonial elections?
White male property owners
Why was the French and Indian War significant?
It united colonies briefly but led to British debt
What was the Albany Congress?
An attempt to coordinate colonial defense and unity
Why did Franklin’s Albany Plan fail?
Colonies feared loss of autonomy
What did Britain gain from the French and Indian War?
Territory but massive debt
What was the Proclamation of 1763?
A ban on colonial settlement west of the Appalachians
What were Radical Whigs?
Colonists who opposed British corruption and tyranny
Why were Navigation Laws weakly enforced?
Salutary neglect encouraged colonial trade
What were the Sugar and Stamp Acts?
Taxes that angered colonists by threatening liberties
What were Committees of Correspondence?
Colonial networks for sharing resistance information
What was the First Continental Congress?
A meeting to protest British policies
What was the Second Continental Congress?
A meeting that led the colonies during the Revolution
What was Common Sense?
Thomas Paine’s pamphlet advocating independence
What did the Declaration of Independence do?
Justified separation from Britain
Why is Abigail Adams significant?
She advocated for women’s rights
Why was the American Revolution a minority movement?
Many colonists were neutral or loyalist
Why was Saratoga important?
It secured French support
What did the Treaty of Paris (1783) do?
Ended the Revolutionary War
Why did the Revolution fail to abolish slavery?
Economic dependence and racism persisted
How did women’s roles change after independence?
They gained influence through Republican Motherhood
What were the Articles of Confederation?
A weak national government
What was the Land Ordinance of 1785?
A system for surveying and selling western land
What caused Shays’ Rebellion?
Economic hardship and debt foreclosures
Why was the Constitutional Convention held?
To strengthen the national government
What is the Tenth Amendment?
It reserves powers to the states
How did Jefferson’s embargo affect manufacturing?
It stimulated domestic industry
Who supported Thomas Jefferson politically?
Southern farmers and western settlers
What was the Revolution of 1800?
A peaceful transfer of power to Jefferson
How did Jefferson view political power?
He favored limited government
What did Jefferson do to Federalist economics?
He reduced debt and taxes
Why was John Marshall important?
He strengthened federal authority
What was Marbury v. Madison?
It established judicial review
Why was the Louisiana Purchase significant?
It doubled U.S. size
Why did the War of 1812 begin?
Impressment and British interference
What was the Hartford Convention?
A Federalist meeting opposing the war
How did New England act during the War of 1812?
It traded with Britain
What was the outcome of the War of 1812?
It boosted nationalism
What was the Tariff of 1816?
A protective tariff
Why did the Federalist Party collapse?
Opposition to the war
What was the American System?
Internal improvements, tariffs, and a national bank
Why is the Era of Good Feelings misleading?
Political conflict persisted
What caused the Panic of 1819?
Overspeculation and bank failures
What was the Missouri Compromise?
It balanced slave and free states
What was the Monroe Doctrine?
A warning against European colonization
What defined Jacksonian Democracy?
Expanded suffrage and executive power
What was the spoils system?
Rewarding supporters with jobs
Why did the South oppose the Tariff of 1828?
It hurt their economy
What was the cotton gin’s impact?
It expanded slavery
What was the cult of domesticity?
An ideology assigning women to the home
What was Manifest Destiny?
The belief in westward expansion
What was Uncle Tom’s Cabin meant to show?
The cruelty of slavery
What was the Compromise of 1850?
A series of laws easing sectional tensions
Why was the Fugitive Slave Law controversial?
It forced Northerners to return escaped slaves
What did Bleeding Kansas reveal?
The failure of popular sovereignty
Why was Dred Scott controversial?
It ruled Congress could not ban slavery
Why was Antietam critical?
It prevented foreign intervention
What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?
Freed slaves only in Confederate states
What ended slavery constitutionally?
The 13th Amendment
What was the Freedmen’s Bureau?
An agency aiding former slaves
What were Black Codes?
Laws restricting Black freedom
What did the 14th Amendment do?
Granted citizenship to former slaves
What ended Reconstruction?
The Compromise of 1877
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