Chemistry Concepts Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering key chemistry concepts including molecular geometry, hybridization, types of radiation, solubility rules, and more.

VSEPR Theory

A theory used to predict the molecular geometry of molecules based on the repulsion between electron pairs.

109.5°

The bond angle associated with tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal, and bent molecular geometries (sp³ hybridization).

120°

The bond angle associated with trigonal planar and bentangular molecular geometries (sp² hybridization).

180°

The bond angle associated with linear molecular geometry (sp hybridization).

Microwave Radiation

Type of electromagnetic radiation that causes the rotation of molecules.

Infrared Radiation

Type of electromagnetic radiation that causes the vibration of molecules.

Ultraviolet/Visible Radiation

Type of electromagnetic radiation that causes electrons to transition between different energy levels.

Solubility Rules for Compounds

Compounds containing Na+, K+, and NH4+ are always soluble in water; compounds containing NO3- are also always soluble in water.

Bond Enthalpies Formula

ΔH = Σ Hbb - Σ H bF, which calculates the overall change in enthalpy during a reaction.

Strong Acids

Acids that completely dissociate in water, including HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4, and HClO4.

Strong Bases

Bases that completely dissociate in water, specifically Group 1 and 2 hydroxides such as LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, and Ba(OH)2.

Percent Error Formula

% error = (|calculated answer - correct answer| / correct answer) x 100.

Exothermic Reaction (ΔH < 0)

A reaction that releases heat and has a negative change in enthalpy.

Endothermic Reaction (ΔH > 0)

A reaction that absorbs heat and has a positive change in enthalpy.

Thermodynamically Favored

A process or reaction that is spontaneous and has a negative Gibbs Free Energy change (ΔG < 0).

Non-Thermodynamically Favored

A process or reaction that is not spontaneous and has a positive Gibbs Free Energy change (ΔG > 0).

+ ΔH and - ΔS

Never favorable

- ΔH and + ΔS

Always favorable

+ ΔH and + ΔS

Favorable at HIGH temperatures

- ΔH and - ΔS

Favorable at LOW temperatures

CAT gets FAT

A metallic CAThode always increases in mass

Direction electrons in a galvanic cell

From anode to cathode (A/C)

Salt Bridge

Anions to anions, cations to cations

Standard cell potential

E cell = E cathode — E anode

Molar heat of solution

ΔH* = q / n

Percent yield

Actual / theoretical x 100

Percent composition

Mass / total mass x 100

Nick the Camel…

ate Clam Supper in Phoenix with Brad

Per____

One more O atom, most O atoms possible

Hypo____

One less O than “ite,” least possibly

More electrons

More polarizable

Polarizability

Ease with which the electron cloud can be distorted (create dipole moment)

Formal Charge

VE - NBE - B

Total K eq with reaction steps

K eq1 x Keq2