Global Health Exam 2

monkeypox

monkeypox

recent epidemic/pandemics, 2022-present

nipah virus

recent epidemic/pandemics, 2023, India

listeria

bacteria, deli meats and unpasteurized milk, individuals age 65 and older and pregnant women most at risk

nipah virus

current epidemic in India, first discovered in 1999 following an outbreak of disease in pigs and people in Malaysia and Singapore

300 human cases and more than 100 deaths

morbidity and mortality of nipah virus

more than 1 million pigs killed to help control outbreak

economic impact of nipah virus

fruit bat

animal host reservoir for NiV

acute respiratory infection and fatal encephalitis

severe symptoms of infection from Nipah virus

true

direct contact with an individual with nipah can also lead to transmission, although this route is less common

40% to 100%

the case-fatality rates in outbreaks across Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, and Singapore typically range from ___ to ____

no

are there available effective therapies or vaccines for nipah?

discarded

fruit with signs of bat bites should be ____

washing and peeling fruit before consumption

ways to prevent contaminated fruit

99,518

cases of monkeypox globally in 2022

32,063

cases of monkeypox in the US in 2022

54

number of deaths from monkeypox in the US in 2022

monkeypox

rare disease caused by infection with the monkeypox virus, part of the same family of viruses as the variola virus (the virus that causes smallpox), symptoms are similar to smallpox symptoms but milder, rarely fatal, not related to chickenpox

1958

monkeypox was discovered in ___ when two outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in colonies of monkeys kept for research

1970

first human case of monkeypox was recorded in __

38%

percent of people who had monkeypox who also had HIV

41%

percent of people who had monkeypox but also had an STI in the past year

61%

percent of people who had monkeypox and also had either HIV or an STI

higher

the new epidemic of monkeypox in the democratic republic of the congo seems to have a ___ case fatality rate

15%, 19%

in 2016, communicable diseases accounted for about __ of all deaths globally and __ of disability-adjusted life years (DALYS)

40%, 40%

in low income countries, communicable diseases accounted for about __ of all deaths and __ of all DALYS

1.6 million, 940,000, 425,000

in 2017, TB was responsible for __ deaths, HIV/AIDS killed about _ people, and malaria killed __

525,000

in 2016, diarrhea killed about _ children under age 5

bacteria, viruses, or parasites

communicable disease may be caused by a wide variety of organisms, such as

leading, all ages

for many countries, communicable diseases were the __ cause of death and disability among __, but especially among the young and the old, can also cause great epidemics and become endemic and become routine causes of death

smallpox, 300 million, 500 million, 15 million

estimated to have killed up to __ people in the 20th century and around __ people in the last 100 years of its existence. as recently as 1967, __ cases occurred a year

virus

smallpox is caused by a

1918 influenza

killed 50 million people worldwide, in comparison, WWI killed 16 million lives

virus

1918 influenza is caused by a

bacteria

tuberculosis is caused by a

11 million

number of people living with TB

9 million

number of new TB cases

1.5 million

number of TB deaths

3.5%

proportion of new cases with multidrug-resistant TB

435,000, 403,000, 80%

it was estimated that ___ deaths due to malaria had occurred globally, of which ___ deaths (approx. 93%) were in the WHO African Region. almost ___ of deaths in 2017 occurred in 17 countries in the WHO African Region and India

parasite

malaria is caused by a

malaria

leading cause of DALYs in sub-Saharan Africa among all age groups

ischaemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections

top three leading causes of death globally

heart disease, cancer, covid-19

top three leading causes of death

barrier protections, immunizations, screening and case finding, treatment and contact treatment, efforts to maximize effectiveness of treatments and prevent resistance to treatment

public health tools that are available to address the burden of communicable diseases

HIV, STDs, tuberculosis, syphilis

screening controls the spread of many infections like

case finding

screening for communicable disease has been linked with

foodborne, waterborne, sexual or bloodborne, vector-borne, inhalation, non-traumatic contact, traumatic contact

transmission paths for communicable diseases

reservoir, humans, animals, and the environment

the habitat in which the agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies, include ___, ___, and ____

portal of exit

the path by which a pathogen leaves its host, usually corresponds to the site where the pathogen is localized

direct transmission

involves physical contact between humans, or close contact, skin to skin, droplets

indirect transmission

the transfer of an infectious agent from a reservoir to a host by suspended air particles, inanimate objects (vehicles), or animate intermediaries (vectors), airborne (measles)

fomites

inanimate objects such as handkerchiefs, bedding, or surgical scalpels

vehicles

may indirectly transmit an infectious agent include food, water,, biologic products (blood), and fomites

vectors

____ such as mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks may carry and infectious agent through purely mechanical means or may support growth or changes in the agent

reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host

chain of infection

92.1%, 91.7%

more people had health insurance in 2022 (___) than in 2021 (___), according to the US census bureau

were less likely

hispanic and black working-age adults ____ to have healthcare coverage than white/non-hispanic or asian adults in 2022

skipped doses of medicine, cut pill in half or not filled a prescription

nearly 25% of adults reported that either they or a member in their household has _____ in the last year due to cost

65.6% of insured adults having a private healthcare

private health insurance was more prevalent than public health insurance in 2022, with ______ plan compared to 36.1% having a public healthcare plan

employment-based health insurance, 54.5%

the most common subtype of health insurance coverage, covering ___ of the american population

medicaid and medicare, 18.8% and 18.7%

the second most common subtype of health insurance in 2022, covering ___ and ___ of the population

affordable care act, 9.9%

direct-purchase healthcare, such as ___ plans, covered ___ of the population

last

an assessment of 11 countries by the common wealth fund, ranked the US ____

4.3 trillion

the us spends approx. ___ per year on health care (2021)

18.3%

healthcare is ___ of the us gdp

$12,914

us spends ____ per person per year

10%

other developed countries generally spend about half as much per person and __ or less of their gdp

100 million

in the past five years, ___ report they’ve gone into debt because of medical or dental bills, the kff poll found (US)

$5,000

a quarter of adults with health care debt owe more than ___

1 in 5

about ___ with any amount of debt said they don’t ever expect to pay it off

medical bills

the largest reason for declaring bankruptcy in the US

confusing, doesn’t cover all citizens, expensive, don’t know what will be covered, administrative costs are over the top

challenges of the us system

administrative costs

the costs incurred by health plans, hospitals, providers, and other entities to conduct the business side of health care; including billing, enrollment, marketing, provider and medical management, member relations and corporate services

government-financed, employment-based, health insurance exchanges

types of insurance

medicare

federal government program, primarily funded by payroll tax, provides for persons 65 years and older, disabled persons eligible for social security benefits, and those with end-stage renal disease, 50 million americans are eligible, 60 million expected in near future

medicaid

federal plus state program, designed to pay for health services for specific categories of poor people and other designated groups: the disabled, children, pregnant women, etc., covers nearly 50% of births, nearly 40% of children, and over 50% of all custodial nursing home care, provides for individuals in the designated groups who are below the federal poverty level, current level for a family of four is approx. $25,000 a year

low

the reimbursement rates to clinicians are often comparatively ____

health insurance exchanges

provide a competitive marketplace to help increase access and control the costs of health insurance

the affordable care act (obamacare)

plans are offered to patients through a website, plans are split into medals, platinum, gold, silver, bronze, cost of plans are based upon: income, number of children, age, smoking status, and geography, removed pre-existing conditions, can remain on till age 26

the global fund

a worldwide partnership to defeat HIV, TB, and malaria and ensure a healthier, safer and more equitable future for all

5 billion a year, 100 of the hardest hit countries

the global fund raises and invests more than ___ to fight deadly infectious diseases, challenge the injustice that fuels them, and strengthen health systems and pandemic preparedness in more than _____

do not have access

1 in 5 children globally ____ to lifesaving vaccines

millions of children missed vaccines

the covid-19 pandemic disrupted health services and ____

4 million deaths

about ____ worldwide are prevented by childhood vaccination every year

$52

each dollar spent on immunization saves ___ in low- and middle-income countries

50 million deaths

more than ____ can be prevented through immunization between 2021 and 2030

measles vaccination can save nearly 19 million lives, hep B vaccination can save 14 million lives

by 2030, it is estimated that

14.5 million

in 2023, over ____ children under the age of 1 did not receive basic vaccines (referred to as “zero-dose” children). this is nearlyy 2.7 million more than in 2019 before the start of the pandemic

low and middle income countries

almost all zero-dose children live in ___, primarily in africa and southeast asia

antimicrobials

medicines used to prevent and treat infectious diseases in humans, animals and plants, includes antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics

antimicrobial resistance (AMR)

occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites no longer respond to antimicrobial medicines

become ineffective and infections become difficult or impossible to treat

as a result of drug resistance, antibiotics and other antimicrobial medicines ____, increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness, disability and death

human activity

the emergence and spread of amr is accelerated by ____, mainly the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials to treat, prevent or control infections in humans, animals and plants

top global public health and development threats

antimicrobial resistance is one of the _____, it is estimated that bacterial amr was directly responsible for 1.27 million global deaths in 2019 and contributed to 4.95 million deaths

misuse and overuse

the ____ of antimicrobials in humans, animals and plants are the main drivers in the development of drug-resistant pathogens

all, all

amr affects countries in ___ regions and at ____ income levels. its drivers and consequences are exacerbated by poverty and inequality, and low and middle income countries are most affected

modern medicine

amr puts many of the gains of _____ at risk. it makes infections harder to treat and makes other medical procedures and treatments- such as surgery, c sections and cancer chemotherapy- much riskier

1 trillion additional healthcare costs by 2050, and 1 trillion to 3.4 trillion gdp losses per year by 2030

amr has significant economic costs, the world bank estimates that amr could result in us dollars _____