Module 1 Terms

anterior

to the front/in front

cuadad

tail end

cephalad

in the front/toward front

distal

far away

inferior

below

superior

above

proximal

close to

posterior

the back

medial

toward/ in the middle

lateral

to the side

transverse plane

Frontal plane

sagittal plane

organ

a structure that is composed of two or more tissues, has a definite shape, and performs specific functions organ system

organ system

a group of organs that functions in a coordinated manner to perform specific functions

Alkalosis (basic)

tissue pH greater than 7.4

7.35

normal blood pH

Acidosis (acidic)

tissue pH less than 7.35

buffers

molecules that reduce or increase the pH in the body in an effort to maintain normal pH levels

Break down and don’t work

what happens to enzymes when normal pH is not maintained

Hydrophobic molecules

molecules that do not dissolve in water

hydrophilic molecules

molecules that dissolve in water

hydophilic

are carbohydrates hydrophobic or hydophilic

Water’s role in the human body

protects cells, tissues, and organs, Helps to process body waste, helps with digestion, and helps regulate temperature

adenosine triphosphate

macromolecule that breaks apart molecules to make molecules

Carbohydrate

used for energy, body structure, monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide; go to for quick energy

glucose

monosaccharide, C₆H₁₂O_6, major molecule needed for energy in the human body

sucrose

disaccharides, can be broken down into monosaccharides

glycogen

polysaccharides, found in muscles and liver, storage molecule of humans

lipids

storage energy, insulates body, protects organs, provides structure for the body, hydrophobic in water, can be saturated or unsaturated; hormones; cholesterol; composed of glycerol and fatty acids; HYDOPHOBIC

unsaturated fats

contain one or more double bonds in the carbon chain, liquids at room temp

saturated fats

contain single bonds throughout their carbon chains, solids at room temperature

amino acid

Function: structure for the body, chemical messengers, promote chemical reactions, used by nucleic acids

Enzyme

proteins: biological catalysts, speed up chemical reactions, lock and key mechanism

Vitamins

macromolecules needed for chemical reactions

Neurotransmitters

macromolecules that are chemical messenger in the nervous system

Hormones

chemical messengers for the body; released directly into the blood stream; speeds up chemical reactions

Transcription

process where m-RNA is made from DNA

Translation

process where DNA is read to make amino acid chains

Proteins

long chains of polypeptide chains that have a specific function, biological molecules responsible for creating and maintaining human structures; hormones; uses lock and key model; produced by nucleic acids

Peptide bond

amino acids are bonded together by this

Nucleic Acid

DNA and RNA are classified as this type of biological material, provides the genetic basis for all living things

Proteins and nucleic acid

two general types of biological molecules that contain nitrogen

RNA

nucleic acid that is single stranded and contains uracil

DNA

nucleic acid that is double stranded and contains thymine, made of nucleic acids, and countians that blueprint for maintaining the organism and provides the genetic basis for all living things

Lock and key model

the model used to describe how proteins interact with other molecules

Lactase

enzyme needed to break down lactose

non essential amino acids

amino acids that can be manufactured within the body

essential amino acids

amino acids that must be obtained through your diet

types of lipids

prostaglandin, phospholipid, saturated fats, unsaturated fats, cholesterol

plaque

sticky cholesterol deposits found on blood vessel walls

hypercholesteralemia

elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood stream

ketone bodies

molecular waste from breaking down triglycerides for energy

types of carbohydrates

cellulose, starch, glycogen

macromolecules

large molecular units; all contain C

aerobic

oxygen is present

anaerobic

oxygen is not present

electrolytes

ions that are found in the human body; important in fluid balance

Polyomer

Composed of many simple molecules that are repeating structural units called monomers

example: DNA and protiens

monomers

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

example: glucose

Surfactants

necessary for lung inflation and preventing lung collapse

Gylcogen

storage molecule of humans