🩺chapter 24- growth, development and aging

1. Fertilization usually occurs in which part of the female reproductive tract? A. Cervix B. Fallopian tube C. Uterus D. Vagina

Fallopian tube

2. The zygote undergoes rapid cell division in a process called: A. Meiosis B. Cleavage
   C. Differentiation
   D. Apoptosis

Cleavage

3. The hollow ball of cells that implants into the uterine wall is called the:
   A. Morula
   B. Blastocyst
   C. Gastrula
   D. Placenta

Blastocyst

4. Which germ layer develops into the skin and nervous system?
   A. Mesoderm
   B. Endoderm
   C. Ectoderm
   D. Periderm

Ectoderm

5. The placenta is formed from the:
   A. Chorion and decidua basalis
   B. Amnion and yolk sac
   C. Allantois and amnion
   D. Chorionic villi only

Chorion and decidua basalis

6. Which of the following is NOT a function of the placenta?
   A. Exchange of nutrients and wastes
   B. Hormone production
   C. Shock absorption
   D. Gas exchange

Shock absorption

7. Which hormone is detected in pregnancy tests?
   A. Progesterone
   B. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
   C. Estrogen
   D. Oxytocin

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

8. The amniotic sac primarily functions to: A. Deliver oxygen to the fetus B. Protect the fetus from injury and temperature changes C. Form blood cells D. Exchange nutrients

Protect the fetus from injury and temperature changes

9. The yolk sac in human development: A. Provides food throughout pregnancy B. Helps with early blood cell formation C. Is the site of gas exchange D. Produces amniotic fluid

Early blood cell formation

10. Which developmental stage is characterized by major organ formation? A. Pre-embryonic B. Embryonic C. Fetal D. Neonatal

Embryonic

11. The first trimester lasts from:
    A. Week 1 to Week 12
    B. Week 13 to Week 24
    C. Week 25 to Week 40
    D. Birth to 1 month

Week 1 to Week 12

12. The fetus is considered viable (capable of surviving outside the womb) typically after:
    A. 16 weeks
    B. 20 weeks
    C. 24 weeks
    D. 28 weeks

24 weeks

13. A birth in which the baby’s buttocks or feet present first is called:
    A. Transverse birth
    B. Breech birth
    C. Vertex birth
    D. Posterior birth

Breech birth

14. Select all that apply: Which are signs of true labor?
    A. Regular contractions
    B. Dilation of the cervix
    C. Effacement of the cervix
    D. Increased frequency of contractions

Regular contractions
Dilation of the cervix
Effacement of the cervix
Increased frequency of contractions

15. The Apgar score assesses which of the following at 1 and 5 minutes after birth?
    A. Heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex, skin color
    B. Heart rate, temperature, urine output, reflex, skin turgor
    C. Reflex, muscle strength, weight, temperature, breathing rate
    D. None of the above

Heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex, skin color

16. The neonatal period covers which time frame?
    A. Birth to 1 month
    B. 1 month to 1 year
    C. Birth to 3 months
    D. 1 year to 2 years

Birth to 1 month

17. Which life stage is characterized by the onset of puberty?
    A. Childhood
    B. Adolescence
    C. Early adulthood
    D. Middle adulthood

Adolescence

18. Infancy is defined as:
    A. Birth to 6 months
    B. Birth to 1 year
    C. 1–2 years
    D. 1 month to 1 year

Birth to 1 year

19. Which pregnancy complication occurs when the placenta separates prematurely from the uterine wall?
    A. Placenta previa
    B. Abruptio placentae
    C. Preterm labor
    D. Eclampsia

Abruptio placentae

20. Which condition is characterized by hypertension, proteinuria, and edema during pregnancy?
    A. Gestational diabetes
    B. Preeclampsia
    C. Placenta previa
    D. Hyperemesis gravidarum

Preeclampsia

21. Teratogens include: A. X-rays B. Alcohol C. Herpes virus D. All of the above

All of the above

22. Loss of lens elasticity with aging, leading to difficulty focusing on close objects, is called:
    A. Cataracts
    B. Presbyopia
    C. Glaucoma
    D. Astigmatism

Presbyopia

23. Increased intraocular pressure that can damage the optic nerve is:
    A. Cataract
    B. Glaucoma
    C. Presbyopia
    D. Myopia

Glaucoma

24. Age-related hearing loss is called:
    A. Presbycusis
    B. Tinnitus
    C. Otosclerosis
    D. Vertigo

Presbycusis

25. "Lipping" of bone around joints is a sign of:
    A. Rheumatoid arthritis
    B. Osteoarthritis
    C. Osteoporosis
    D. Rickets

Osteoarthritis

26. Which urinary system change is common in the elderly?
    A. Increased bladder capacity
    B. Bladder muscle atrophy
    C. Increased urine production
    D. Enhanced sphincter control

Bladder muscle atrophy

27. Select all that apply: Common postpartum complications include:
    A. Mastitis
    B. Anemia
    C. Malnutrition
    D. Puerperal fever

Mastitis
Puerperal fever

28. Which therapy may be used to help reduce postmenopausal bone loss?
    A. Estrogen replacement therapy
    B. High-protein diet only
    C. Fluid restriction
    D. Long-term corticosteroids

Estrogen replacement therapy

29. Thickening and hardening of arterial walls is called:
    A. Atherosclerosis
    B. Arteriosclerosis
    C. Coronary artery disease
    D. Endocarditis

Arteriosclerosis

30. Which respiratory change is common in aging?
    A. Increased lung elasticity
    B. Increased alveolar surface area
    C. Calcification of costal cartilages
    D. Increased chest expansion

Calcification of costal cartilages

31. Sarcopenia is defined as:
    A. Loss of muscle mass and strength
    B. Joint inflammation
    C. Bone demineralization
    D. Loss of cartilage

Loss of muscle mass and strength

32. Select all that apply: Which are functions of the placenta?
    A. Gas exchange
    B. Hormone production
    C. Waste removal
    D. Mechanical protection
    E. Nutrient transfer

Gas exchange
Hormone production
Waste removal
Nutrient transfer

33. Which Nobel Prize-winning scientist lived to 100 and contributed to aging research?
    A. Rosalind Franklin
    B. Rita Levi-Montalcini
    C. Elizabeth Blackburn
    D. Barbara McClintock

Rita Levi-Montalcini

34. The scientific study of aging is called:
    A. Geropsychology
    B. Gerontology
    C. Geriatrics
    D. Senescence

Gerontology

35. The stage in development from weeks 3–8 is known as the:
    A. Pre-embryonic stage
    B. Embryonic stage
    C. Fetal stage
    D. Neonatal stage

Embryonic stage

36. Which joint change is common with aging?
    A. Increased cartilage thickness
    B. Increased synovial fluid
    C. Lipping
    D. Dislocation

Lipping

37. Clouding of the lens is called:
    A. Cataract
    B. Presbyopia
    C. Glaucoma
    D. Nystagmus

Cataract

38. The middle germ layer that develops into muscles, bones, and the circulatory system is:
    A. Ectoderm
    B. Mesoderm
    C. Endoderm
    D. Epidermis

Mesoderm

39. The primary stimulus for the newborn’s first breath is:
    A. Increased oxygen
    B. Increased carbon dioxide
    C. Decreased temperature
    D. Tactile stimulation

Increased carbon dioxide

40. The yolk sac is important in early development for:
    A. Forming the placenta
    B. Early blood cell production
    C. Producing amniotic fluid
    D. Nourishing the fetus

Early blood cell production

41. Which fetal structure bypasses the lungs by connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta?
    A. Ductus venosus
    B. Foramen ovale
    C. Ductus arteriosus
    D. Ligamentum arteriosum

Ductus arteriosus

42. Which fetal structure allows blood to flow directly from the right atrium to the left atrium?
    A. Ductus venosus
    B. Foramen ovale
    C. Ductus arteriosus
    D. Ligamentum teres

Foramen ovale

43. The ductus venosus shunts blood away from the:
    A. Liver
    B. Lungs
    C. Kidneys
    D. Brain

Liver

44. The most common cause of death in the elderly is:
    A. Cancer B. Heart disease/HTN C. Stroke D. Pneumonia

Heart disease?HTN

45. What is the average length of gestation in humans?
    A. 36 weeks B. 38 weeks C. 40 weeks D. 42 weeks

40 weeks

46. The first milk produced after birth, rich in antibodies, is called:
    A. Transitional milk B. Mature milk C. Colostrum D. Lactate

Colostrum

47. Which life stage typically has the slowest growth rate?
    A. Infancy B. Childhood C. Adolescence D. Adulthood

Adulthood

48. Meconium is:
    A. The baby’s first stool
    B. Amniotic fluid
    C. Umbilical cord tissue
    D. Vernix caseosa

The baby’s first stool

49. Vernix caseosa is:
    A. A hormone produced by the placenta
    B. A cheesy substance covering newborn skin
    C. A fetal membrane
    D. The outer placenta layer

A cheesy substance covering newborn skin

50. Which statement about breech birth is correct?
    A. It is always safer than vertex delivery
    B. It involves buttocks or feet presenting first
    C. It prevents umbilical cord prolapse
    D. It never requires intervention

It involves buttocks or feet presenting first

51. Cesarean section may be performed for: A. Fetal distress B. Placenta previa C. Breech presentation D. All of the above

All of the above

52. Which congenital disorder results from trisomy of chromosome 21? A. Turner syndrome B. Down syndrome C. Klinefelter syndrome D. Edwards syndrome

Down syndrome

53. A condition in which the spinal cord and meninges protrude through a defect in the vertebrae is: A. Anencephaly B. Spina bifida cystica C. Hydrocephalus D. Microcephaly

Spina bifida cystica

54. Which congenital disorder is characterized by the absence of part or all of the brain? A. Spina bifida B. Anencephaly C. Microcephaly D. Hydrocephalus

Anencephaly

55. Hydrocephalus involves: A. Accumulation of CSF in the brain ventricles B. Absence of the cerebrum C. Spinal cord herniation D. Underdeveloped brain size

Accumulation of CSF in the brain ventricles

56. Which life stage is most associated with increased risk of osteoporosis? A. Adolescence B. Early adulthood C. Postmenopause D. Middle adulthood

Postmenopause

57. The term senescence refers to: A. Rapid growth in infancy B. Progressive decline in body function with age C. The fetal stage of development D. The process of labor

Progressive decline in body function with age

58. Which immune change is common with aging? A. Increased antibody production B. Decreased immune response C. Increased T-cell activity D. Increased wound healing speed

Decreased immune response

59. In males, testosterone production typically begins to decline after: A. Age 30 B. Age 40 C. Age 50 D. Age 60

Age 30

60. Which prenatal diagnostic test examines fetal chromosomes from amniotic fluid? A. Chorionic villus sampling B. Amniocentesis C. Ultrasound D. Nonstress test

Amniocentesis

61. Which prenatal test can be performed earliest in pregnancy? A. Ultrasound B. Amniocentesis C. Chorionic villus sampling D. Contraction stress test

Chorionic villus sampling

62. Which factor increases the likelihood of multiple births? A. Maternal age under 20 B. Fertility treatments C. Poor nutrition D. Low body weight

Fertility treatments

63. Select all that apply: Signs of postpartum depression may include: A. Persistent sadness B. Loss of interest in activities C. Difficulty bonding with the baby D. Severe mood swings

Persistent sadness
Loss of interest in activities
Difficulty bonding with the baby
Severe mood swings

64. Which condition is characterized by seizures in a pregnant woman with preeclampsia? A. HELLP syndrome B. Eclampsia C. Placenta previa D. Gestational hypertension

Eclampsia

65. A congenital disorder in which the urethral opening is located on the underside of the penis is: A. Epispadias B. Hypospadias C. Cryptorchidism D. Hydrocele

Hypospadias

66. The transition from childhood to adulthood marked by reproductive maturity is: A. Menarche B. Adolescence C. Puberty D. Senescence

Puberty

67. Which hormone triggers uterine contractions during labor? A. Estrogen B. Oxytocin C. Progesterone D. Relaxin

Oxytocin

68. Which hormone softens the cervix and relaxes pelvic ligaments before birth? A. Oxytocin B. Relaxin C. Estrogen D. Progesterone

Relaxin

69. The normal position for childbirth is: A. Breech B. Vertex C. Transverse D. Face presentation

Vertex

70. Which fetal shunt closes and becomes the ligamentum teres after birth? A. Ductus venosus B. Foramen ovale C. Ductus arteriosus D. Umbilical vein

Umbilical vein

71. Which stage of labor begins with full cervical dilation and ends with delivery of the baby? A. First stage B. Second stage C. Third stage D. Fourth stage

Second stage

72. Which stage of labor ends with the delivery of the placenta? A. First stage B. Second stage C. Third stage D. Fourth stage

Third stage

73. Select all that apply: Which are common integumentary changes in the elderly? A. Thinning of skin B. Decreased sweat gland activity C. Increased melanin production D. Reduced elasticity

Thinning of skin
Decreased sweat gland activity
Reduced elasticity

74. Which of the following is true of sarcopenia? A. It can be slowed by resistance training B. It begins in infancy C. It only affects the lower limbs D. It is unrelated to aging

It can be slowed by resistance training

75. Which sensory change is most likely to affect balance in older adults? A. Loss of visual acuity B. Presbycusis C. Loss of proprioception D. Increased taste sensitivity

Loss of proprioception