Japan and China

Ming Dynasty

-Drove the Mongols away from China

-Taizu oc Zhu Yuanzhang was the first Ming emperor, commanded the rebel army

-Taizu instituted reforms to restore lands & erase all traces of Mongol rule

-Encourged a return on Confucianism and the return of the merit-bases civil service examination system

-later Taizu became a ruthless leader and killed thousands of his officials

Confucianism

• Five Relationships: Defines social order through hierarchical relationships (ruler-subject, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother, friend-friend).

• Social Harmony: Achieved when individuals fulfill their roles within the family and society, mirroring the cosmic order.

• Education & Self-Cultivation: Essential for developing moral character and becoming a virtuous person (Junzi).

• Family as Foundation: The family unit is the bedrock of society, with the state seen as an extension of the family. 

What did China look like under the Ming Dynasty?

PEACE + PROSPERTY

-nationwide school systum

-began construction of the new Imperial City in Beihing (Forbidden City)

-Policy of isolation

-was a rich culture

What happened when the Ming Dynasty started to Decline?

-bad harvest

-high taxes

-incompetent leaders

-corrupt government led to the fall of this dynasty and paved the way for the Manchu

Qing Dynasty

-Founded by Manchus, many Chinese resisted

-Rebellions flared up periodically for decades

-Manchus slowly earned respect

-Upheld China’s traditional Confucian beliefs

-Gave Chinese most of the lowered government positions

-Made frontiers safe and restores prosperity

In order to preserve their distinct identity within Chinese society, the _____ (1% of the population) were defined legally as distinct from everyone else in China.

Manchus

Qing Dynasty: Kangxi (1661-1772)

Reduced government expenses, lowered taxes

Gained support of intellectuals by offering them government positions

Patron of the arts

Helped China become the strongest in the world

During the Qing Dynasty Isolation phase those that wished to trade with China has to follow certain rules

-Trade at special ports

-Tribute

“howtow” ritual

kneeling before emperor & touching head to ground 9 times

Foot Binding

Popular amongst the wealthy classes, since it demonstrated an ability to support women who could not perform physical labor

How was the Quin Dynasty Developed?

Traditionally

What dose the Quin Dynasty Value?

Technique over creativity

-high quality cermaics

-drama popular because literacy rates were low

focused on Chinese history and cultural heroes

Cause of Population Increase

Agriculture improved

Farmers produced more food

Colombian Exchange

Why did agriculture improve?

Irrigation and fertilizer use

Result of the Colombian Exchange

nutrition improved»»people lived longer»»larger families»» population increased

What impact on social structure do WOMEN have in the Qing Dynasty?

Women worked in fields, supervised children’s education, managed family finances

subjected to the authority to men

some found jobs working as midwives or textile workers

What impact on social structure do MEN have in the Qing Dynasty?

Only sons are allowed to perform religious rituals

Were the tickets to wealth through there examination system

Raised his own family under parents roof-help aging parents on farm

True or False; Women were valued in the Social life of the Qing Dynasty

False

What happened when the first European ships arrived in Japan in 1543?

They acquired tobacco, clocks, eyeglasses etc, from the Europeans

Japanese merchants traded skills for GUNS

New technology makes the samurai obsolete

Catholic missionaries traveled freely in Japan and learned many things about the culture

In Japan during 1467-1568, what was happening?

Local lords(Daimyo) were fighting each others for power

civil war and social upheaval

Who was Oda Nobunaga

(1568-1582)

• ended the “warring states” period (civil wars)

• Wanted to eliminate remaining enemies

• 1575 – Nobunaga’s 3,000 soldiers armed w/ muskets crushed enemy forces of samurai cavalry

  • 1^st time firearms had been used effectively in battle in Japan

Committed seppuku (ritual suicide of samurai) after a general turned on him

Who was Tokugawa Ieyasu?

(1603-1616)

• Unites Japan after defeating his rivals at Battle of Sekigahara

• 1603 – Became sole ruler (shogun)

• Moved capital to Edo (later Tokyo)

• Enacted policies that resulted in the rule of law overcoming the rule of the sword

• Controlled daimyo through the alternate attendance policy

• Brought peace and stability

Under Tokugawa rule what happened to Japan/what did the closed country policy rule do?

-Japan remain closed, none could leave or come

-Missionaries and converts were tortured and killed

What did Shoguns do under Tokugawa rule in Japan during his rule from 1603-1616?

-Realized that they could safely exclude both missionaries and merchants

-They implemented the closed country policy to control foreign ideas

Because of the isolation period in Japan what were some effects?

-Caused Japan to fall behind educationally and militarily

-Gave Japan Peace and Stabilty

-Farmers left the fields for a better life and went to cites to become merchants

When did Japan move toward an Urban Society? (urbanization)

in the 1700s

What did the Daimyo do in Japans Social Structure?

-ruled large lands

-acted as regional leaders

-manged local economies

Who was responsible,e for ending the warring states period in Japan?

Oda Nobunaga

What was the Alternate Attendance policy?

They kept families hostage at the capital and you could not go against the lords or you would be killed

Who was the first Shogun over unifies Japan?

Tokuaga Ieyasu

What were the 3 Gunpowder empires?

1. Ottoman-Turkey

2. Safauid-Iran

3. Maghal -India

What were the 3 similarities that the GunPowder communities shared?

-niknames “gunpowder empires”

-able to conquer their neighboring people by forming strong armies that used rifles and artillery

-Blended there culture together

-Islamic and ruled Muslim leaders

Fierce solider-slaves who were trained to be completely loyal to their Ottoman Turk rulers

Janissaries

What system allowed slaves to be taken from there homes are an early age, forced to convert to Islam, and be trained to be soilders?

Deushirme System

By the 1400s, Byzantine territory was chiseled away to almost nothing, except for its capital city ….

Constantinople

Who invaded Constantinople in 1453, and renamed it Istanbul?

The Turks

Mehmend conquered Constantinople and turned Hagia Sophia into what?

A Mosque

-Constantinople is an Islamic empire

What happens during the fall of the Byzantine Empire?

The Byzantine people were made subjects of new Ottoman Empire

Thousand years of Byzantine rule was over

Byzantine Empire was conquered by the Seljuk Turks

What is a Janissary?

Solider who fought for the Ottoman Empire

What were the names of the kings/emperors of the Ottoman Empire, and what did they do?

Sultans

-they governed with absolute power

-served as the Caliph

Was the Ottoman Empire predominantly Sunni or Shia Muslim?

Sunni Muslim

By the mid 1500s who was the most powerful kind in the entire world?

Suleiman

What limited the Ottoman Empire in 1529?

Suleiman was stopped by the holy Roman Empire after trying to take over Vienna

What was Suleiman’s greatest accomplishment?

Creating a STABLE government for the Ottoman Empire

-he created a law code that governed criminal and civil issues within the empire

-created a simple and fair tax system to raise money

What system did Suleiman create that granted freedom of worship to the Christians and the Jews?

The Millet System

Why did the Ottoman Empire decline?

When a sultan got nervous about another coming to powerful, they would kill or execute there sons and brothers»»»»progressively weakened there leaders

What happened when the Ottoman Empire became too weak to rule?

They fell to the axis powers during world war 1, which eventually lead to defeat

-became known as the “Sick Man of Europe”

Art in the Ottoman Empire flourished like the _______

European Renaissance

What was the main art style of the Ottoman Empire?

Miniatures

What was the Safavid Empire?

Turkish powerful gunpowder army, that created an empire in modern-day Iran

What did the rulers of the Safavid Empire believe in?

Shia Islam

What was the name of the rulers in the Safavid Empire?

Shahs

-Persian title for king

Who was the greatest ruler of the Safavid Empire, and why?

Shah Abbas, he borrowed ideas from outside groups to improve his empire

What ideas did Shah Abbas borrow and use in his own Empire?

Janissaries (soldiers)
merit to employ gov workers

introduced religious tolerance

How is the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire alike?

Both leaders would blinded or kill most capable sons in order to keep order

How did the Sadavid Empire decline?

Shah Abbas blinded or killed his most capable sons in order to keep power

What was the most important piece of Safavid Art?

Persian carpets

Who renamed the Hagia Sophia and turned it into mosque

Mehmed 2

Which empire did Shah Abbas rule?

Safavid Empire