trouble focusing on near objects (farsighted) too short of an eyeball
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Presbyobia
degenerative loss of ability to focus on near objects thickening and loss of flexability of lens, less elastic ciliary muscles
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Astigmatism
blurred vision caused by extra curvy cornea multiple focal points
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Rods
black and white detect at low light levels (seeing at night) found on outer edges of retina
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Cones
color vision; 3 types in humans (red, blue, green) high light levels concentrated in the fovea
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The sensory system does all of the following EXCEPT...
projects nerves and signals to effect change in target muscles
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Sensory system does the following:
encode information from the environment relay information about the environment to the CNS detect change in the environment
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Which of these is NOT a characteristic of olfaction?
Olfaction is one of the three senses contributing to our sense of equilibrium.
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Characteristics of olfaction
Neurons from the olfactory bulb interact with the amygdala and hippocampus. Olfactory neurons die and are replaced by new neurons roughly every 2 months. The olfactory tracts do not directly relay to the CNS via the thalamus.
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25
The taste receptor cells are NOT neurons.
true
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The lens bends light and focuses it onto the...
fovea
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The primary sensory neurons in your retina are depolarized, the concentration of cyclicGMP in your rods is high, and cyclic-nucleotide gated channels are open. It is likely..
night time
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Which of these is most likely an example of top-down processing in the visual system?
an optical illusion
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The inner ear houses two fluid filled structures. Which of these is critical to equilibrium?
the semicircular canals
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What features are shared (or similar) between hearing and vision?
pathways from paired sensory organs diverge and cross over on the way to the CNS information is relayed thru the thalamus they both involve some type of tonic receptor
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31
Motor neurons typically control multiple muscles cells.
True
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In skeletal muscle cells, incoming electrical signals travel through the...
T-tubules
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The structural elements responsible for the striated appearance of skeletal muscle are called...
sarcomeres
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The calcium pumps (Ca2+ ATPase) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum are examples of...
active transport
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The muscle twitch (i.e. the contraction-relaxation cycle) is much faster than an action potential
false
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Release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction typically results in...
opening of chemically-gated sodium channels. opening of voltage-gated sodium channels. release of calcium ions (Ca2+) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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Increasing muscle mass thru exercise is primarily due to...
increasing the thickness of existing muscle fibers.
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An olympic sprinter will tend to have more thicker muscle fibers relying on glycolytic metabolism.
True
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Smooth muscle is under voluntary control.
False
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Reflex arcs are an exception to the rule that skeletal muscle is always under voluntary control.
True
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During voluntary movement, you change your body posture….
before you move in anticipation of the movement AND after initiating the movement to compensate or correct your body’s position.
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Phototransduction in rods
the process by which the absorbed light triggers an electrical response (the neural signal) in rods and cones the conversion of light into a change in the electrical potential across the cell membrane
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What differentiates ON vs. OFF bipolar cells?
ON-center bipolar cells are depolarized by small spot stimuli positioned in the receptive field center. OFF-center bipolar cells are hyperpolarized by the same stimuli
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What are some basic properties which contribute to visual processing?
color, brightness, color and brightness contrasts (for form perception and visual acuity), visual field representation, binocular fusion and depth perception.
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What are “visual fields”?
the total area in which objects can be seen in the side (peripheral) vision as you focus your eyes on a central point.
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top-down processing
interpretation of incoming information based on prior knowledge, experiences, and expectations (ex. optical illusion)
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bottom-up processing
retrieval of sensory information from our external environment to build perceptions based on the current input of sensory information
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48
A person with defective rods will have trouble
distinguishing shapes at the periphery of the visual field seeing well in the dark
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49
A blind spot in the retina occurs where
the optic nerve leaves the eye
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iris
controls diameter of the pupil
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Rhodopsin
light receptor
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tectorial membrane
stimulates hair cells
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cristae in ampullae
senses rotational movement movement causes cupula to move activating hair cells
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otoliths in maculae
senses lateral movement crystals in ear move with head movement
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The primary purpose of the middle ear bony structures (maleus, incus, and stapes) is to
amplify the vibration as it conducts to the cochlea
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You work at the Tabasco factory in Louisiana. You spend your workday blending barrels of fermented chili peppers with vinegar and bottling hot sauce. The smells do not bother you, because...
olfactory receptors are phasic, they quickly adapt to constant stimulus
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skeletal muscle contraction starts when the muscle fiber depolarizes due to the release of calcium into the cytoplasm
False starts at the neuromuscular junction
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Why does rigor mortis occur after death?
Myosin is tightly bound to actin there is no ATP available to bind to myosin (cannot enter relaxation phase)
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Which is a potential energy source for an athlete sprinting the 40-yard dash?
phosphocreatine
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which about smooth muscle are true
Ca2+ initiates the contraction smooth muscle uses actin-myosin crossbridges to create force Contraction can occur without a change in membrane potential
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As a protective mechanism, stretching a skeletal muscle fiber causes sensory neurons (i.e. proprioceptors) to ______ their rate of firing.
increase
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outer ear function
collects sound waves and channels them into the ear canal (external auditory meatus), where the sound is amplified
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middle ear function
to efficiently transfer acoustic energy from compression waves in air to fluid–membrane waves within the cochlea.
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Inner ear function
transform the vibrations into electrical impulses that then travel along the eighth cranial nerve (auditory nerve) to the brain
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What type of receptor is the inner ear hair cell?
mechanoreceptors
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What is one important reason that auditory information from the left and right ears “crosses over” on its way to the auditory cortexes?
Allows for the determination of localization of sound
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Sensorineural Hearing Loss
hearing loss due to failure of the inner ear or auditory nerve
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conductive hearing loss
hearing loss due to problems with the bones of the middle ear or the outer ear (earwax)
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central Hearing Loss
nerve or brain damage
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What type of receptors are used for the sense of equilibrium?
mechanical proprioreceptors
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somatic nervous system
controls voluntary movement
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somatic neural pathway
Originates in the CNS – in brain or ventral horn of spinal cord Myelinated, very long, always excitatory Terminal braches close to target and each terminal innervates a single skeletal muscle fiber (target)
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Skeletal muscle
a muscle that is connected at either or both ends to a bone and so move parts of the skeleton mostly under voluntary control
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Cardiac muscle
the muscle tissue of the heart; adapted to continued rhythmic contraction cells joined together by junctions
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smooth muscle
small and lack striation
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flexor-extensor pairs
antagonistic muscle group flexors bring bones together and extensors move bones apart
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