APP Development Vocab 2

Modules 48-54

menarche

the first menstrual period

Erik Erikson

developmental psychologist - eight stage theory of psychosocial development; conflicts that yield certain personality characteristics, depending on resolution

Diana Baumrind

theorist associated with parenting styles - authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, neglectful

social clock

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

imprinting

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

strange situation

Ainsworth's method for assessing infant attachment to the mother, based on a series of brief separations and reunions with the mother in a playoom situation

basic trust

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

identity

one's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

authoritative parenting

parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making

self-concept

sense of one's identity and personal worth

Lawrence Kohlberg

psychologist who proposed stage theory of moral development (preconventional, conventional, and postconventional)

critical period

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

Alzheimer's disease

an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning

cross-sectional study

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

attachment

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

Mary Ainsworth

developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; "The Strange Situation": observation of parent/child attachment

longitudinal study

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

preconventional morality

first level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior (Will I get in trouble?)

Harry and Margaret Harlow

development, contact comfort, attachment; experimented with baby rhesus monkeys and presented them with cloth or wire "mothers;" showed that the monkeys became attached to the cloth mothers because of contact comfort

conventional morality

second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior (It's the law! What will my friends think?)

authoritarian parenting

style of parenting marked by imposing rules and expecting obedience

insecure attachment

children explore less in the mother's presence and may cling to her, cry loudly when she leaves, and remain upset or act indifferent when she returns

permissive parenting

style of parenting marked by submitting to children's desires, making few demands, and using little punishment

primary sex characteristics

the body structures that make sexual reproduction possible

postconventional morality

third level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and that may be in disagreement with accepted social norms (It's wrong to do X, so I won't!)

menopause

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

secure attachment

infants use the mother as a home base from which to explore when all is well, but seek physical comfort and consolation from her if frightened or threatened

secondary sex characteristics

nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

Konrad Lorenz

researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting

Carol Gilligan

feminist critique of Kolhberg's moral development theory; believed women's moral sense guided by relationships

cohort effect

observed group differences based on the era when people were born and grew up, exposing them to particular experiences that may affect the results of cross-sectional studies

Elizabeth Kubler Ross

psychologist who created the 5 stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

oxytocin

attachment hormone

prospective memory

remembering to perform a planned action

retrospective memory

refers to memory of people, words, and events encountered or experienced in the past

Walter Mischel

personality theory and social psychology

temperament

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

negligent parenting

parenting style which exhibits no love.warmth, nor does it exhibit any structure/control; extremely detrimental for development

aggression

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone

relational aggression

an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person's relationship or social standing

gender roles

sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as male or female

gender identity

one's sense of being male or female

social learning theory

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

gender typing

the process of acquiring gender role characteristics

Androgeny

the presence of masculine and feminine characteristics in the same person

Transgender

an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex

spermarche

first occurrence of ejaculation

intersex

a general term used for a variety of conditions in which a person is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn't seem to fit the typical definitions of female or male

sexual orientation

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)

neurocognitive disorders

acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer's disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse. In older adults neurocognitive disorders were formerly called dementia