History final that I’ll prob fail

Pilgrims

People who left England due to religious conflict, founded Plymouth colony in 1620

Puritans

English Protestants who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Great Migration

Mass movement of Puritans from England to the Americas in 1630

New England Way

cooperation between church and state in the Massachusetts Bay colony

Nathaniel Bacon

Planter who led a rebellion in 1676 against the governor of the Virginia Colony

Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attempt to gain more land

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Abolitionists

People who wanted to end slavery

George Whitefield

Credited with starting the Great Awakening

Task System

A system of slave labor under which a slave had to complete a specific assignment each day. After they finished, their time was their own.

Mercantilism

an economic system to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests

Balance of trade

the difference between a country's trade exports and total imports

Navigation Acts

Acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

Iroquois League

a league of Iroquois tribes including originally the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca (the Five Nations)

Albany Plan of Union

Ben Franklin's plan to unite the colonies under one government to defeat France.

Samuel Adams

Leader of the Boston Sons of Liberty, wrote for the Boston gazette

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Sugar Act

law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies

Duty

Tax on imports

Stamp Act

Law that placed a tax on printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Non-importation agreements

Agreements not to import or buy goods from Great Britain. They were designed to put pressure on the British economy and force the repeal of unpopular parliamentary acts.

Sons of Liberty

A group of colonists who formed a secret society to oppose British policies at the time of the American Revolution and to oppose the Stamp act

Stamp Act Congress

A meeting of delegates from 9 colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp act and to deny Parliament's right to tax the colonies,

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the stamp act; stated that Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever."

Townshend Acts

A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

Writs of Assistance

search warrants used to enter homes or businesses to search for smuggled goods

Quartering Act

1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Tea Act

Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants;,

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Intolerable Acts

A series of laws set up by Parliament to punish Massachusetts for its protests against the British

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

Second Continental Congress

They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence

Olive Branch Petition

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

Guerrilla warfare

A hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.

Treaty of Paris

agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country

John Locke

English philosopher who argued that people have "natural nights"

Republic

A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws.

Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War.

Depression

A long-term economic state characterized by unemployment and low prices and low levels of trade and investment

Shay's rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting against high taxes and heavy debts. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

Constitutional Convention

The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution.

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation. James Madison proposed this

New Jersey Plan

The proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for equal representation of each state in Congress regardless of the state's population.

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Bicameral

A legislature consisting of two parts, or houses

Great Compromise

Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house

Three-Fifths Compromise

Agreement that three-fifths of slave population counted in determining total state population

Tariffs

Taxes on imported goods

Federalists

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.

Anti-federalists

people who opposed the Constitution

delegated powers

Powers specifically given to the federal government

reserved powers

Powers given to the state government alone

concurrent powers

Powers held jointly by the national and state governments.

Supremacy Clause

Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits.

Separation of Powers

the division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Elastic clause

the part of the Constitution that permits Congress to make any laws "necessary and proper" to carrying out its powers

Judicial review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments to the Constitution

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of property and free market

National debt

Money owed by federal gov. To its creditors

Government bonds

Certificates issued by a gov. in exchange for loans

National bank

Central bank w/ branches in major cities

Bank notes

Paper money issued by banks in place of gold or silver.

Strict construction

theory embraced by Jefferson; believed that the Constitution should be interpreted literally

Loose construction

Theory embraced by hamilton; believed federal gov. Possesses all powers not given specifically by constitution

Whiskey rebellion

1794 protest against the government's tax on whiskey by backcountry farmers

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

Treaty of Greenville

Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. 1795 Allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and added size and very fertile land to America.

Jay's Treaty

Treaty signed in 1794 between the U.S. And Britain in which Britain sought to improve trade relations and agreed to withdraw from forts in the northwest territory

Pickney's Treaty

1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans

Right of deposit

right to temporarily transfer goods at a destination without having to pay fees for the cargo

Sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

Napoleon Bonaparte

French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)

XYZ Affair

An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Series of four laws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Twelfth Amendment

Beginning in 1804, electors would vote separately for President and Vice President

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Zebulon Pike

Explored the southern part of the Louisiana Territory

Louisiana Territory

Land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains purchased from France for 15 million dollars. It doubled the size of the US at the time, getting more land than the US wanted.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

1804-1806 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast.

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty that ended the War of 1812 and maintained prewar conditions

Hartford Convention

Meeting by Federalists dissatisfied with the war to draft a new Constitution; resulted in seemingly traitorous Federalist party's collapse

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Texas Revolution

War between Texas settlers and Mexico from 1835-1836 resulting in the formation of the Republic of Texas

Mexican-American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Mexican cession

Lands sold by Mexico to the US following the Mexican War including California, Nevada, Utah, parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico

Gadsden Purchase

Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny.