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Empirical Methods
Research methods that rely on observation and experimentation to understand human behavior.
Direct Variable (DV)
Variables that cannot be manipulated and are measured directly in an experiment.
Indirect Variable (IV)
Variables that can be manipulated in an experiment to observe effects on dependent variables.
Goals of Psychology
To describe, explain, predict, and control human behavior.
Causality
The relationship between cause and effect; understanding what causes a particular behavior.
Experimental Design
The framework for conducting an experiment that includes defining variables and methods to test a hypothesis.
Theories in Psychology
Systematic explanations of phenomena based on research, which can evolve or be rejected as new information emerges.
Convergence of Evidence
When different sources of evidence support the same conclusion, enhancing its reliability.
Hypothesis
A testable statement predicting a relationship between variables, derived from theories or observations.
Independent Variable (IV)
The presumed cause in an experiment that is manipulated to observe its effect on the dependent variable.
Dependent Variable (DV)
The outcome or behavior being measured in an experiment, which is affected by the independent variable.
A Priori Hypothesis
Predictions made before data is collected, based on existing knowledge.
Posthoc Hypothesis
A prediction made after data is collected, based on supplemental analyses.
Population vs. Sample
A population is the entire group of interest, while a sample is a smaller, representative group from that population.
Qualitative Data
Non-numerical data that conveys qualities or characteristics, such as survey responses.
Quantitative Data
Numerical data that can be measured and analyzed statistically.
Cognitive Dissonance
The theory that inconsistency among beliefs or behaviors causes discomfort, leading individuals to change beliefs or behaviors.
Serendipity in Research
The occurrence of unexpected discoveries that lead to new insights or ideas for research.
