IST-110 chapter 2 quiz (Penn State University)

Moore's Law

Engineers have reduced switch sizes by half about every 2 years, a trend known as -------Law.

know this shit

By the 1970's, an entire computer could fit on one coin-sized device known as a computer chip.

agricultural age

Civilization's earlier -------- age lasted many thousands of years.

Industrial age

The ------- age starting in the late 1700's transformed civilization towards manufacturing goods, leading to mass migration to cities, creation of strong nations, world wars, doubling of lifespans and thus dramatic world population growth (see figure below), and more.

information age

The ------- age just began in the 1990's, with human activity shifting from traditional industry to creating/managing/using computerized information.

Joseph Marie Jacquard

-------- was a French silk weaver and inventor. In 1804, he invented the ------- Loom, a weaving device noted for simplifying the manufacturing of textiles.

Charles Babbage

---------- was a British mathematician, philosopher, mechanical engineer, and inventor who is regarded as the "father of the computer".

Difference Engine

Babbage invented the first automatic mechanical computer, the ------------, which was used to calculate polynomial functions.

Analytical Engine

The --------- was the Difference Engine's successor, intended as a programmable computing engine.

Ada Lovelace

was a British mathematician who is often referred to as the first computer programmer.

Herman Hollerith

------------ was an American inventor and the creator of the punched card tabulating machine.

Alan Turing

---------- was a British computer scientist and mathematician who became well known for his cryptologic methods during World War II.

Turing test

The -------- test evaluates if a computer is considered intelligent by posing a series of questions. A computer passes the test if the computer's response cannot be distinguished from a human's response.

Grace Hopper

------- ------ was an American computer scientist and mathematician credited with developing the first compiler.

COBOL

------, introduced as an English-based programming language designed for business use.

program

A ----------- consists of instructions executing one at a time.

Input

A program gets data, perhaps from a file, keyboard, touchscreen, network, etc.

Process

A program performs computations on that data, such as adding two values like x + y.

Output

A program puts that data somewhere, such as to a file, screen, network, etc.

Variables

Programs use -------- to refer to data, like x.

Computational thinking

In the information age, many people believe------------, or creating a sequence of instructions to solve a problem, will become increasingly important for work and everyday life.

Algorithm

A sequence of instructions that solves a problem is called an --------.

embedded computer

An -------- -------- is a computer inside another electrical device, like inside a TV, car, printer, thermostat, satellite, etc.

bit

A single 0 or 1 is called a ---.

byte

Eight bits, like 11000101, are called a ----.

Character

A --------- is a letter (a, b, ..., z, A, B, ..., Z), symbol (!, @, #, ...), or single-digit number (0, 1, ..., 9).

ASCII

--------, which stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a popular code for characters developed in 1963.

Unicode

------- is another character encoding standard, published in 1991, whose codes can have more bits than ASCII and thus can represent over 100,000 items, such as symbols and non-English characters.

Decimal numbers

Because early humans represented values using ten fingers, humans developed base ten numbers, known as ---------- ("dec" refers to ten).

binary numbers

binary numbers

Computers can only represent two values (0 or 1), so base two numbers, known as ---------- ("bi" refers to two).

IEC prefixes

Alternative prefixes, known as --------, exist like kibi (210 or 1024), mebi (220 or 1,048,576), gibi (230 or 1,073,741,824), and tebi (240 or 1,099,511,627,776).

computational thinking

The thought processes needed to build correct, precise, logical programs is sometimes called ---------- and has benefits beyond programming.