Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion, and Stress

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45 Terms

1

motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

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2

instinct

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

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3

physiological need

a basic bodily requirement.

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4

drive reduction theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

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5

homeostasis

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

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6

incentive

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

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7

Yerkes-Dodson law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

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8

hierarchy of needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

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9

glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger

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10

set point

the point at which your "weight thermostat" may be set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight

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11

basal metabolic rate

the body's resting rate of energy output

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12

obesity

defined as a body mass index (BMI) measurement of 30 or higher. (Overweight individuals have a BMI of 25 or higher.)

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13

asexual

having no sexual attraction to others

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14

testosterone

the most important male sex hormone

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15

estrogens

sex hormones, such as estradiol, that contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than by males

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16

sexual response cycle

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson—excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

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17

refractory period

in human sexuality, a resting period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm

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18

affiliation need

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

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19

ostracism

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

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20

narcissism

excessive self-love and self-absorption

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21

achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard

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22

grit

in psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

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23

emotion

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience

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24

James-Lange theory

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus: stimulus S arousal S emotion

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25

Cannon-Bard theory

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

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26

two factor theory

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

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27

polygraph

a machine used in attempts to detect lies that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration, heart rate, and breathing changes) accompanying emotion

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28

facial feedback effect

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

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29

behavior feedback effect

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions

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30

stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

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31

general adaptation syndrome

Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion

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32

tend and befriend response

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

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33

health psychology

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine

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34

psychoneuroimmunology

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

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35

coronary heart disease

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

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36

Type A

Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

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37

Type B

Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people

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38

catharsis

in psychology, the idea that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

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39

aerobic exercise

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; also helps alleviate depression and anxiety

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40

mindfulness meditation

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner

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41

feel good, do good phenomenon

people's tendency to be helpful when in a good mood

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42

positive psychology

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

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43

subjective well being

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life

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44

adaptation level phenomenon

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

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45

relative deprivation

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.

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