HIs chapter 11/1

John Wycliffe

Englishman (c. 1328-84) known as one of the strongest voices of protest against the Roman Church.

Morning Star of the Reformation

Title given to John Wycliffe because his convictions were later embraced by 16th-century reformers.

Wycliffe Bible

The first complete English translation of the Bible, finished in 1382.

John Huss

Bohemian reformer from Prague who was influenced by Wycliffe and condemned to death for heresy.

Martin Luther

German reformer whose stand against the Roman Catholic Church sparked the Protestant Reformation.

Sola fide

"Justification by faith alone"; the rallying cry of the Reformation movement discovered by Luther.

Pope Leo X

The Pope who launched a campaign to sell indulgences to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica.

Indulgences

Certificates which, according to Catholicism, granted pardon from the punishment of certain sins.

Johann Tetzel

Dominican friar who sold indulgences near Luther’s parish, claiming they could free relatives from purgatory.

Ninety-Five Theses

Luther’s list of grievances against the sale of indulgences, posted on October 31, 1517.

The Leipzig debate

A 1519 confrontation where Luther insisted that Scripture was the only reliable authority.

Johann Eck

Formidable scholar and champion of Catholicism who debated Martin Luther at Leipzig.

Sola scriptura

The principle that "Scripture alone" is the only reliable authority for believers.

Charles V

The German emperor who refused to condemn Luther without a hearing due to strong public support.

The road to Worms

The series of events leading to Luther's appearance before the Emperor after his condemnation by the Pope.