test 8

What was the main purpose of the spice trade during the age of exploration?

To facilitate the global trade of spices like cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon, and pepper from Asia to Europe.

What are the Spice Islands?

A group of islands in present-day Indonesia, specifically the Maluku Islands, which were the main source of spices.

What are the 3 G’s of European exploration?

God, Glory, and Gold.

How did improved technology affect European exploration?

It helped Europeans cross large oceans more efficiently.

Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?

He was a leader in the Age of Discovery who expanded into Africa and converted natives to Catholicism while searching for gold.

What significant achievement did Bartholomeu Dias achieve in 1488?

He explored and rounded the southern tip of Africa at the Cape of Good Hope.

What was Vasco de Gama known for?

He was the first to round the Cape of Good Hope and reach India.

What did Christopher Columbus aim to find during his voyage?

He aimed to reach the East Indies by sailing across the West Atlantic.

What was the purpose of the Treaty of Tordesillas?

To set a line of demarcation dividing the non-European world into two zones for Spain and Portugal.

Who was Amerigo Vespucci?

An Italian explorer who traveled to Brazil and whose name was used for the Americas.

What was the Northwest Passage?

A sought-after sea passage to India that Europeans believed existed through the Americas.

Who was Ferdinand Magellan and what was his significant achievement?

He was the first to circumnavigate the globe.

What was Cape Town?

The first permanent European settlement built by the Dutch, located at the southern tip of Africa.

What powers did the Dutch East India Company have?

It had full sovereign powers to wage war, make treaties, build forts, and govern overseas territories.

Who were the Taino people?

The first indigenous people Columbus encountered in the Americas, known to be friendly towards the Spanish.

What were the three advantages the Spanish had over the natives in their conquests?

Guns (superior weapons), Horses (military advantage), and New Diseases (like smallpox).

What was the social structure in New Spain?

1. Peninsulares (born in Spain) 2. Creoles (born in New Spain from Spanish parents) 3. Mestizos (mixed European and Indigenous) 4. Mulattoes (European and African).

What was the Encomienda System?

It gave the Spanish the right to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans.

Who was Jacques Cartier?

An explorer who claimed most of eastern Canada for France.

What was the significance of the Columbian Exchange?

It was the exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World and the New World.

What was mercantilism?

The economic theory suggesting that a nation's real wealth is measured in gold and silver, requiring nations to export more than they import.

What did the African Slave Trade involve?

The buying and transporting of African people as slaves to work in European colonies.

What was the Middle Passage?

The horrific journey slaves endured from Africa to the Americas.

What was Jamestown?

The first permanent English settlement located in Virginia.

Identify the three regions of the 13 Colonies.

1. New England Colonies 2. Middle Colonies 3. Southern Colonies.