test 8

• Spice Trade:global trade of spices like cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon, and pepper, mainly from Asia to Europe. 

• Spice Islands:group of islands in present-day Indonesia, Maluku Islands,were the main source of spices

• 3 G’s of European exploration

1. God

2. Glory

3. Gold 

• Improved technology to encourage exploration: This helped Europeans cross large oceans 

• Cartographers: made more accurate maps 

• Astrolabe: determine sea altitude

• Portugal in the age of exploration

  • Prince Henry, the navigator Leader  in “The Age of Discovery,” expanded into Africa and converted natives to Catholicism while looking for gold.  

  • (1488) Bartholomeu Dias: explored across the southern tip of Africa and soon became “Cape of Good Hope” 

  • Vasco de Gama: first to round the “cape of good hope” and got to India

Reached the spice port of Calicut, his team soon took other outposts around the Indian Ocean 

• Christopher Columbus: an Italian explorer, wanted to reach the East Indies by sailing across the West Atlantic

  • Sailed with 3 ships 

    • Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria

    • Didn’t reach East Indies → Bahamas Archipelago   

• Treaty of Tordesillas: set a line of demarcation, diving the non-European world into 2 zones 

1. West line Spain(Americas)  → trading and exploration rights in any land

2. East Line Portugal (brazil)  

• Amerigo Vespucci: Italian explorer went to Brazil and kept a journal . America’s are named after him

• Northwest Passage: Europeans realized that the Americas blocked a sea passage to India, and searched for a northwest passage 

  • Henry Hudson: English explorer who made several voyages

    • his "discovery" of the Hudson River in New York, and Hudson Bay the Arctic coast of Canada.                         

• Ferdinand Magellan: wanted to find a new way to reach the pacific 

  • Sailed until he rounded the southern tip

  • Named ocean pacific → meant peaceful 

  • 1st to sail around the world (Circumnavigate)

• Cape Town: located on southern tip of africa built by the dutch; it was the first permanent european settlement 

• Dutch East India Company: full sovereign powers to Wage war, Make treaties, Build forts, Govern overseas territories build armies, etc 

• Afonso de Albuquerque: commander of portuguese forces in India ocean

  • Established a huge empire in southeast asia 

  • Took control islands of Goa, port of malacca in east indies  

• Taino People: first people that columbus encountered in his conquest to the americas 

  • Friendly towards the spanish 

  • Got killed for sport 

• 3 ways the Spanish were able to conquer natives

1. Guns – Superior weapons 

2. Horses – Gave speed and military advantage

3. New Diseases – like Smallpox

• Aztecs: Advanced civilization with complex agriculture, architecture, religion, and warfare; famous for human sacrifice. King was Moctezuma. 

  • Thought cortes was a god 

  • Hernan Cortes: conquistador who landed on the coat of mexico and went direclty toward Tenochtitlan

  • Tenochtitlan: capital of Aztects later on became/ built modern day mexico city 

• Inca Empire:organized with road systems, terrace farming, stone architecture, and centralized rule under the Sapa Inca

  • Francisco Pizzaro: was able to easliy conquer the incas using his advanced weapons also beacuse they were alreadgy suffering with small pox

    • Estabished the city of lima  

• Brazil: establish by the portuguses brazil was a colony 

  • Named after a famous type a exported wood 

• New Spain: Spanish settle loser missionaries soon followed

  • Spain imposed its culture language religion on millions

  • They built Spanish inspired cities

  • King of Spain appointed viceroys Which were representatives who ruled in the kings name in each province 

• Encomienda System: the right to demand labor or tribute from native americans

  • Spanish word, force native Americans to work under the most brutal conditions

  • System was ended by priest Bartholomew de Las casas

• Social Structure of New Spain:

1. Peninsulares: born in spain (top)

2. Creoles: Born in New Spain, but from Spanish parents

3. Mestizos: Mixed European and Indigenous

4. Mulattoes: European and African (bottom) 

• Jacques Cartier: claimed most of eastern canada for france 

  • Quebec City: first permanent french settlement

  • Samuel de Champlain: founded Quebec City as a permanent French settlement.

• African Slave Trade: Portuguese and other Europeans brought Africans back to Europe as slaves

  • As European colonies in America grew European turn to slave laborers to work plantations

  • This made the slave expand into a profitable business

• Afonso I: Ruler of kongo

  • Reached out to Portugal to end the slave trade, but his request was denied

• Futa Toro: Leader of Senegal

  • Created a law that no one could transport slaves through his territory

• Atlantic Slave Trade

  • Triangular Trade: Three legged international trade network

1. Africa→America:Gold+Slaves

2. America→Africa:Tobacco

3. Europe→Americas:Manufactured goods

• Middle Passage:Passage that took slaves from Africa to the Americas

Impact: Millions of slaves were carried to the Americas and Brought great profits to many in the colonial economies 

• Columbian Exchange:Columbus brought back plants and animals that he found in the Americas

  • He be Vasco book exchange that would profoundly affect the world

  • People to the Americas in search of new opportunities

    • With more people more diseases were wiping out North America

• Mercantilism: 

  • They believed that a nation's real wealth was measured in gold silver

  • Nation must export more than import

  • Colonies forbidden from buying from other countries

• Jamestown: first permanent english settlement (virginia); english pilgrims landed at Plymouth Massachusetts

• Dutch New Netherlands:New york

  • Set up trading port as New amsterdam= NYC

  • Dutch surrounded fort amsterdam to british 

• 13 Colonies (Know the regions)

  • Also, know the differences between the regions

1. Dutch New Netherlands – A colony set up by the Dutch in North America in the 1600s.

2. African Slave Trade – The selling and buying of African people as slaves.

3. Afonso I – A king in Africa who spoke against the slave trade.

4. Futa Toro – A West African land that tried to stop the slave trade.

5. Atlantic Slave Trade – The movement of African slaves across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas.

6. Triangular Trade – A trade route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

7. Middle Passage – The terrible trip slaves took from Africa to the Americas.

8. Columbian Exchange – The swapping of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World and the New World.

9. Mercantilism – An idea that says countries should keep gold and sell more than they buy.