Unit 1 Part 2: Sleep and Sensation

Part 2 of Unit 1 (Biological Bases of Behavior) sleep and sensation

consciousness

our awareness of ourselves and the environment

levels of consiousness

unconscious- deep drives that we unconsciously seek to actualize

subconscious- not currently of focal awareness, things we act upon but are not conscious of

preconscious- feelings, thoughts, and memories touching awareness

conscious- what we think, say, do, perceive, feel consciously

physical- health, energy, relaxation

circadian rhythm

24 hour sleep wake cycle

types of brain waves

alpha, theta, delta, beta

when are alpha waves produced?

NREM 1 and when zoning out

When are theta waves produced?

NREM 2

When are delta waves produced?

NREM 3

When are beta waves produced?

REM and when awake

stage NREM 1

the lightest stage of sleep, where a person can be easily awakened and may experience drifting thoughts

stage NREM 2

a period of light sleep where sleep spindles occur, typically lasting about 20 minutes

stage NREM 3

the deepest stage of sleep, characterized by slow brain waves and difficulty waking

REM

a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement, increased brain activity, and vivid dreaming often referred to as paradoxical sleep due to the brain's activity resembling that of wakefulness

your muscles are paralyzed

REM rebound

the phenomenon where a person experiences increased REM sleep following a period of sleep deprivation resulting in more intense dreams and longer REM periods

happens after sleep deprivation, body’s way of trying to catch up on REM sleep

restoration or resources

sleep helps your body repair itself and restore resources you used during the day

activation synthesis

dreams are the cerebral cortex's attempt to make sense of random neural activity during sleep

consolidation theory of dreams

the idea that dreams play a role in processing and consolidating memories from the day

move memories from short to long term

REM sleep behavior disorder

a condition in which individuals act out their dreams during REM sleep, often resulting in disrupted sleep and potential injury

shift work

a work schedule that differs from the traditional 9-to-5 hours, often leading to sleep disturbances and circadian rhythm disruptions

sleep apnea

a sleep disorder characterized by repeated interruptions in breathing during sleep, leading to poor sleep quality and daytime fatigue

somnambulism

sleepwalking

night terrors

episodes of intense fear and panic during sleep, often accompanied by screaming or thrashing, typically occurring in children

jet lag

a temporary sleep disorder resulting from traveling across multiple time zones, causing fatigue and disorientation

hypnogogic sensations

vivid hallucinations occurring while falling asleep, often involving sensations of falling or floating

insomnia

a condition characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep, leading to daytime fatigue and impaired functioning

memory consolidation

the process by which short-term memories are transformed into long-term memories during sleep

narcolopsy

a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks

sensation

the process by which sensory receptors and nervous systems receive and interpret stimuli from the environment

sensory deprivation

reduced sensitivity to a constant stimulus over time

transduction

the process of converting sensory stimuli into electrical signals

absolute thresholds

the minimum amount of stimulation that is detectable by an individual 50% of the time

accomodation

the ability of the eyes to focus on objects that are near or far

afterimages

an image that continues to appear in the eyes after a period of exposure to the original image

blind spot

where the optic nerve connects to the retina, no photoreceptors

amplitude

a measurement of the vertical distance of the wave from the average

cones

require more light, see color and detail, red green and blue

ganglion cells

specialized neurons located in the retina at the back of the eye

just-noticeable difference (JND)

the amount something must be changed in order for a difference to be noticable

lens

clear, curved structures at the front of the eye behind the pupil; focuses light rays that enter the eye

opponent-process theory

the theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision; for example, some cells are enabled by red and inhibited by green, and vice versa; red is activated so green is suppressed, vice versa

photoreceptors

specialized cells in the retina that detect light (rods and cones)

retina

converts light into electrical signals the brain can read

rods

work in dim light, peripheral vision, black and white

trichromatic theory

explains color vision based on three types of cones (r, g, b); they combine to create all colors

optic nerve

sends visual information to the brain

wavelength

distance between two consecutive peaks on a wave

Weber’s Law

the principle stating that the minimum difference in stimulation needed to detect a difference is proportional to the original stimulus intensity

farsightedness

distant objects are seen clearly, nearby objects are blurry

nearsightedness

nearby objects are clear, distant objects are blurry

blindsight

ability of blind people to respond to visual stimuli

monohromatism

can only see black/white

dichromatism

can only see two colors

propagnosia

“face blindness” faces can’t be recognized, even though vision and cognition are fine

synesthesia

stimulation of one sense leads to automatic experience of another sense

pitch

how high/low a sound is

middle ear

between the eardrum and chochlea

cochlea

converts sound vibrations into electrical signals

loudness

the intensity or volume of a sound (determined by amplitude)

eardrum

thin membrane that vibrates when sound waves hit it

sensorineural deafness

hearing loss caused by damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve

conduction deafness

caused by problems in the outer or middle ear mechanisms

place theory

different frequencies of sound stimulate different locations on the cochlea’s basilar membrane

frequency theory

the rate at which the basilar membrane vibrates matches the frequency of the sound; nerve fires more when frequency is higher

vestibular sense

detects balance and spatial orientation using inner ear structures

volley theory

suggests that groups of neurons fire in a volley, as individual neurons can’t fire fast enough

olfactory system

sense of smell

warm/cold receptors

thermoreceptors that sense hot and cold

gate-control theory

non-painful input closes the nerve "gates" to painful input, which prevents pain sensation from traveling to the central nervous system.

nociceptors

pain receptors

phantom limb

a condition in which patients experience sensations in a limb that does not exist.

pitch perception

perceiving and differentiating between high and low pitches

semicircular canals

a structure in the inner ear that contains equilibrium receptors that respond to movement of the head and keep you balanced

gustation

sense of taste

nontasters

taste less flavor in foods

medium tasters

have a regular sense of taste

supertasters

people who are particularly sensitive to tastes

taste receptors

cell receptors on your tongue that recognize the 6 different tastes

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, oleogustus

the six tastes out taste receptors recognize

(umami=savory/meat, oleogustus=fat)

kinesthesia

the ability to sense motion and sense your location in a space

pheromones

a chemical substance produced and released into the environment by an animal, especially a mammal or an insect, affecting the behavior or physiology of others of its species

Pinna

The thing you put the back of sunglasses on
Acts like a satellite dish or concert shell to help focus the signal into the ear hole

Ear canal

Think of it like a cave, caves are great at carrying echo's

eardrum

tympanic membrane
ear vibrations are carried to it from the ear canal

Cochlea

About the size of a pea
snail shell shaped
filled with fluid
The stirrup/stapes bangs against the oval window, that sets up a wave in the fluid inside the cochlea

Size of the wave depends on what

How hard the stirrup hits the oval window

One way the brain interprets pitch

Where a wave crashes on the organ of corti, this is called place theory

Organ of Corti

Along the inside of the snail

Each hair cell is like what

A blade of grass, the roots are neurons that bundle together to form the auditory nerve

What does the frequency tell the hair

when stimulated, tells the nerve to fire at a certain rate

What is this called?

Frequency theory

Place Theory

Also called the spatial coding
When a wave of cochlear fluid crashes on a place of the organ of corti, cilia are stimulated
A nerve cell attached to the root of the cilia sends a signal to the brain
The brain knows that if certain cilia are stimulated, it should interpret that as different pitch
explains high pitch well

Frequency Theory

Temporal coding

Max we can hear

Highest amplitude 150 dB, above that it becomes pain\
Highest frequency 20,000 Hz

Min we can hear

Lowest amplitude 3

auditory disparity

our brain processes the disparity in the slightly different signals that our ears send to it
ppl turn to u when u call them

conduction deafness

Something is not functioning in the outer or middle ear
Vibrations are not making it to the cochlea maybe there is swelling, blockage, damage
can be treated with medicine, maybe even surgery

Neurological Deafness

The cochlea is not sending the correct signals to the brain
maybe its from inherited disease, over use of loud noises, regular long use of normal noises,
Can be treated with hearing aid or cochlea implants

Upside down

Your lens in the front o the eye inverts the image so that it is projected onto the back of the eye (retina) upside down.
Your lens should focus the images to pinpoint clarity onto the center of your retina (fovea)

Blind spot

the are where the optic nerve enters the eye

Sclera

Shell

Cornea

The clear tissue that covers the front of the eye the windshield