Sociology MidTerm

Which of the following is decreasing in the United States?

Rates of non-Hispanic, white Americans

Physical differences among people are used to not only identify minority-group membership but also to

control access to privilege.

Prejudice refers to \_________ beliefs and behaviors, while ideological racism refers to \__________ beliefs and behaviors.

individual; societal

A southern church that supported Jim Crow laws is an example of

institutional discrimination.

True or False: Immigration is a global phenomenon that affects virtually every nation in the world.

True

According to the definition of minority groups, all of the following are defining characteristics of minority groups except

the members of the group experience substantial dominance and privilege in society.

The two most important defining characteristics of minority groups are

inequality and visibility.

Which term is sometime used instead of the term "minority group"?

Subordinate group

According to biological findings, skin color is derived from an adaptation to equatorial ecologies because of the pigment

melanin.

Gender equality is the highest in which of the following countries?

North America and Western Europe

True or False: According to the text, institutional discrimination can be obvious or subtle.

True

Max Weber theorized about the following three stratification systems, economic inequality, power, and

prestige.

The historical, social, and political processes by which certain concepts (such as race) are created and maintained are known as

social construction.

True or False: Ethnic minority groups are identified primarily by cultural characteristics, such as language or religion.

True

True or False: According to Marxist theory, the two main social classes are the individual and the institution.

False

True or False: A belief system that asserts the inferiority of a group is known as racism.

True

True or False: The Samaritans goal is to increase the number of illegal immigrants in the United States.

False

True or False: Most immigrant women come to the United States to work.

True

\___________ is when two formerly distinct and separate groups come to share a common culture and merger together socially.

Assimilation

Pluralism is defined as

a situation in which groups have separate identities, cultures, and organizational structures.

Which of the following best illustrates the term "enclave minority"?

Chinatown, located in San Francisco, California

A group that wishes to break all ties with the larger society is called

separatist.

Which theory considers success to be a direct result of individual efforts, personal values and skills, and education?

Human Capital Theory

According to \___________, movement from acculturation to integration is the crucial step in the assimilation process.

Milton Gordon

Robert Park theorized that assimilation is \______________ in a democratic and industrial society.

inevitable

Some theorists believe that the "traditional" perspectives on assimilation do not apply, and that the experiences of contemporary immigrant groups will differ greatly from those of European immigrants. This type of assimilation is called \______________ assimilation.

fragmented

All of the following immigrant groups were bitterly attacked and discriminated against except

British immigrants.

True or False: An example of "acculturation" would be an immigrant from India changing his or her eating habits from curry and rice to "American foods" such as hamburgers and french fries.

True

True or False: One of the major underlying causes of the mass immigration of Europeans to the United States in the early 18000s was the Industrial Revolution.

True

Many Native American and Amish communities in the United States are considered "enclave minorities."

False

True or False: Robert Park believed that assimilation should occur within a 10 year period.

False

The promotion of racial separation and a lack of sympathy for contemporary immigrants are dangers associated with

the new European identity.

Segmented assimilation refers to the

theory that assimilation today has multiple outcomes ranging from integration to exclusion.

The triple melting pot refers to which three religious denominations?

Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish

True or False: Human capital theory is consistent with the values of Chinese culture.

False

European immigration, American industrialization, and the rise to global prominence occurred simultaneously.

True

Affective dimension of prejudice

The emotional or "feeling" dimension of individual prejudice. The prejudiced individual attaches negative emotions to members of other groups.

Acculturation

The process by which one group (generally a minority or immigrant group) learns the culture of another group (generally the dominant group); also called cultural assimmilation.

Americanization

The model of assimilation in which groups are pressured to conform to Anglo-American culture (same as Anglo-Conformity).

Anglo-confromity

The model of assimilation in which groups are pressured to conform to Anglo-American culture (same as Americanization).

Anti-Semitism

Prejudice or ideological racism directed specifically at Jews.

Assimilation

The process by which formerly distinct and separate groups come to share a common culture and merge together socially.

Capital-Intensive

Capital-intensive technology replaces hand labor with machine labor. Large amounts of capital are required to develop, purchase, and maintain the machines.

Culture

All aspects of the way of life associated with a group of people. Culture includes language, beliefs, norms, values, customs, technology, and many other components.

Cultural Pluralism

A situation in which groups have not acculturated and each maintains a distinct identity.

Ethclass

The group formed by the intersection of social class and racial or ethnic groups.

Ethnic Revival

The movement toward increased salience for ethnic identity, which began for European Americans in the 1960s.

Middleman Minority Groups

Groups that rely on small businesses, dispersed throughout the community, for economic survival.

New Immigration

Immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe to the United States between the 1880s and the 1920s.

Old Immigration

Immigration from Northern and Western Europe to the United States between the 1820s and the 1880s.

In order to be successful, the plantation system of agriculture, which emerged in early colonial times, required \______.

a large supply of cheap labor

According to Noel's hypothesis, what three characteristics of a contact situation, in combination, lead to some form of inequality between the dominant and minority groups?

ethnocentrism, competition, and differential in power

Robert Blauner predicts that integration and equality will be slower for \______.

colonized minority groups

A paternalistic system of group relations characteristically occurs \______.

in rural, agricultural societies where land is concentrated in relatively few hands

The Indian Removal Act of 1830 required \______.

all Eastern tribes to move west of the Mississippi

Native Americans, according to Blauner's terms, were a \______ that was controlled by paternalistic systems.

colonized minority group

Mexican American history differs from that of Native Americans in that \______.

Mexican Americans were exploited for both their labor and their land

According to Noel's first characteristic, what is the definition of ethnocentrism?

Ethnocentrism is judging the behavior of other groups by the standards of one's own culture.

According to Blauner's hypothesis, \______.

minority groups created by colonization will experience more intense prejudice

True or False: Anti-Black racism developed for the purpose of rationalizing and maintaining slavery.

True

True or False: The majority of the population loss of Native Americans was directly due to warfare and battle casualties.

False

True or False: Enslaved Africans were unable to develop forms of meaningful resistance to slavery.

False

True or False: Preindustrial dominant-minority relations were influenced by a subsistence technology based on labor-intensive agricultural work.

True

True or False: Structural assimilation was not a real possibility, especially for African Americans and Native Americans.

True

True or False: The roles of enslaved women within the family and community contrasted sharply with traditional women's roles in the larger American society.

True

According to the text, the Great Migration of Blacks to the North had which of the following effects on African Americans?

an increase in Black political power

An employee in a secondary labor market will most likely \______.

have a low-paying job with little opportunity for promotion

As the economy has evolved, so have dominant-minority relations. In today's fluid competitive system, which of the following is most likely to occur?

the elimination of formal and legal barriers to job competition

The reason for passing the National Origins Act in the 1920s was to \______.

stop the flow of cheaper labor from Europe and protect jobs and wages

According to the textbook, deindustrialization is \______.

when companies move jobs so that the employee wages are higher

Due to the transition to fluid competitive systems, \______.

the dominant group's fear of competition from minority groups increases

True or False: The transition from rigid to fluid competitive systems has led to progress in measures of equality for African Americans.

False

What is a key difference between paternalistic and rigid competitive group relations?

Rigid competitive systems limit minority groups' ability to compete effectively.

True or False: Under the Jim Crow system, free Black Americans did not experience forms of coerced labor.

False

Urbanization transformed group relations by \______.

creating concentrations of people that could be organized

True or False: The Fifteenth Amendment extended the right to vote to Black men and women.

False

True or False: Social change can be attributed to Black activism, not solely change in subsistence technology.

True

True or False: Fluid competitive systems still present barriers to competition for minority groups, just not through formal laws.

True

Compared to White women at the turn of the 20th century, African American women were \______.

more likely to work outside the home

True or False: Northern Black communities still faced de facto segregation and discrimination.

True

Define Abolitionism

The movement to abolish slavery

Which hypothesis states that minority groups created by colonization will experience more intense prejudice, racism, and discrimination than those created by immigration?

Blauner Hypothesis

Define Caste System

A close system of stratification with no mobility between positions.

What are colonized minority groups?

Groups whose initial contact with the dominant group was through conquest or colonization.

Define Chattel

An item of personal property. In a system of chattel slavery, slaves were defined by law not as persons but as the personal property of their owners.

Define Differential in power

Any difference between two or more groups in their ability to achieve their goals.

Define ethnocentrism

Judging other groups, societies, or cultures by the standards of one's own.

Define immigrant minority groups

Groups whose initial contact with the dominant group was through immigration.

Define Indentured servants

Contract laborers who are obligated to serve a particular master for a specified length of time.

Which theory about the creation of minority groups that asserts that if two or more groups come together in a contact situation characterized by ethnocentrism, competition, and a differential in power, some form of racial or ethnic stratification will result.

Noel Hypothesis

Define De jure Segregation

Racial segregation that is institutionalized in local and state law.

Jim Crow System

The system of rigid competitive race relations that followed Reconstruction in the South. The system lasted from the 1880s until the 1960s and was characterized by laws mandating racial separation and inequality.

Define Modern institutional discrimination

A more subtle and covert form of institutional discrimination that is often unintentional and unconscious.

Define Past-in-present institutional discrimination

Patterns of inequality or unequal treatment in the present that are caused by some pattern of discrimination in the past.

Define Primary labor market

The segment of the labor market that encompasses better-paying, higher-status, more-secure jobs, usually in large bureaucracies.

How long did reconstruction last following the Civil War?

From 1865 to 1880s

Define Rigid competitive group

A system of group relations in which the dominant group seeks to exclude minority groups or limit their ability to compete for scarce resources such as jobs.

Define Secondary labor market

The segment of the labor market that includes low-paying, low-skilled, insecure jobs.

Define Service (or tertiary) occupations

Jobs that involve providing services. Examples include retail clerk, janitor, and schoolteacher.

Define Sharecropping

A system of farming often used in the South during de jure segregation. The sharecropper (often black) or tenant worked the land, which was actually owned by someone else (usually white), in return for a share of the profits at harvest time. The landowner supplied a place to live and credit for food and clothing.