Barnett Exam 3

Franco-Prussian War

This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia.

Versailles Palace

(Louis XIV) The peace conference was held at the Versailles Palace outside of Paris, France.

Balkans

geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe. Greece and the region North of Greece.

Franz Joseph

The ruler of Austria-Hungary when WWI started. He was planning to attack Serbia for their ports. When Serbia murdered Franz Ferdinand, he attacked Serbia, which effectively started WWI.

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria Hungary who was assassinated at Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand; his death was a main cause for World War I

Sophie Ferdinand

Wife of Franz Ferdinand; assassinated by the Black Hand

Sarajevo

Capital of Bosnia

Black Hand

the Serbian terrorist group that planned to assassinate Franz Ferdinand

Gavrilo Prinicip

Assasinated Archduke Francis and Sophie

Serbia

The Ottoman province in the Balkans that rose up against Janissary control in the early 1800s. Terrorists from here triggered WWI. After World War II it became the central province of Yugoslavia.

Bosnia

Southern Slavic nation seeking independence; annexation by Austria-Hungary creates war in the Balkans; housed parade that killed Ferdinand

Lord Grey

the british foreign minister; only statesmen in europe that recognized the war would be long and hard

Kaiser Wilheim I

Associated with Prussia; saw parliament as a threat and with the support of Junkers named Bismarck prime minister; eventually became emperor of the Second Reich/Germany unified under his rule

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

Napoleon III

Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, and elected emperor of France from 1852-1870, he invaded Mexico when the Mexican government couldn't repay loans from French bankers. He sent in an army and set up a new government under Maximillian. He refused Lincoln's request that France withdraw. After the Civil War, the U.S. sent an army to enforce the request and Napoleon withdrew.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

was the Kaiser of Germany at the time of the First World War reigning from 1888-1918. He pushed for a more aggressive foreign policy by means of colonies and a strong navy to compete with Britain. His actions added to the growing tensions in pre-1914 Europe.

Tsar Nicholas II

Last Tsar of Russia and then end of the Romanov line. Was executed along with the rest of his family under the order of Lenin.

John Fisher

Bishop who defended Church and stayed loyal to the Pope

Two Power Standard

British policy that Britain's navy should be as powerful as two other nations' navies combined

Dreadnought

A battleship with increased speed and power over conventional warships, developed by both Germany and Great Britain to increase their naval arsenals. Carried 10 300mm guns mounted in 5 turrets.

Dreikaiserbund

germany, austria-hungary, and russia. three emperors' league.

Alfred von Tirpitz

An admiral and first secretary of the German navy. Largely responsible for the buildup of the German navy prior to the war, as well as for the country's aggressive submarine strategy. Although the policy was highly effective, it damaged Germany's international reputation.

Central Powers

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire

Triple Entente

An alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.

Mustard Gas

a new invention in WWI - a yellow colored gas that was fired at the enemy - it caused blindness, damage to the lungs and death

Chlorine Gas

Bleaches damp litmus paper

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

The Titanic

Cruise boat that sunk and killed thousands of people.

Minority Peoples

Violence became acceptable in European affairs and these people got upset

Sussex

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.

Sussex Pledge

German pledge to warn neutral ships and passenger vessels before attacking

U-boats

German submarines

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters

Alfred Von Zimmerman

German minister of Berlin who sent a telegram to the German ambassador in Mexico, that was intercepted by british intelligence. The telegram stated that in the event that war broke our between US and Germany, if Mexico should declare war on the US Germany would help it regain all the land it had lost to the US

Zimmerman Note

Message proposing an alliance between Germany and Mexico

"He kept us out of war"

Wilson's campaign slogan in 1916 reminding the public that they weren't entangled in WWI

Provisional Government

A temporary government

Romanovs

Russian dynasty, started with Michael Romanov after the Time of Troubles and lasted until 1917.

Autocracy

a system of government by one person with absolute power.

"to make the world safe for democracy"

Wilson gave this as a reason for U.S. involvement in WWI.

Peace without victory

wilsons motto after the war to have peace in Europe but not punish the Germans

Josephus Daniels

Creator of Navy Reserve, March 3, 1915

American Expeditionary Force

American force of 14,500 that landed in France in June 1917 under the command of General John Pershing. Both women and blacks served during the war, mostly under white officers

American Psychological Association (APA)

professional organization representing psychologists in the United States

intelligence quotient (IQ) tests

predict someone's performance in school and similar settings

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

Barnard Baruch

stockbroker who led the War Industries Board

Joseph Glidden

Invented barbed wire

Isaac Ellwood

Invented barbed wire in 1874, it is used in the war as a brutal trap in the trenches

Trench Warfare

Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI.

War Powers Board

The WPB directed conversion of companies engaged in activities relevant to war from peacetime work to war needs, allocated scarce materials, established priorities in the distribution of materials and services, and prohibited nonessential production.

Vladimir Lenin

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924).

Bolsheviks

A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917

Bolshevik Revolution

The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.

Leon Trotsky

Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army

"No Peace, No War"

Bolshevik government will not compose treaty, just stop fighting

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

treaty between Russia and Germany that would end Russia's involvement in WWI in 1917

Compiegne

A town in northern France site of signing of armistices between the Allies and Germany in 1918.

Ferdinand Foch

supreme commander of the Allied forces

Paris Peace Conference

The great rulers and countries excluding Germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war, such leaders included Loyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Cleamancu (France) and Italy. The treaty of Versailles was made but not agreed to be signed and the conference proved unsuccessful.

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

Carlisle

A boarding school in this Pennsylvania town- whose motto was "Kill the Indian and save the man"-strove to stamp out Native American cultures and encourage students to embrace white civilization.

Georges Clemenceau

An effective and almost dictator-like leader of France, who would not take defeat as an answer

David Lloyd George

Britain's prime minister at the end of World War I whose goal was to make the Germans pay for the other countries' staggering war losses

War Guilt Clause

in treaty of Versailles; declared germany and austria responsible for WWI; ordered Germany to pay reparation to Allied powers

Reparations Clause

Germany has to make annual payments until 33 billion is paid off

Disarmament Clause

Parts of the treaty required Germany to demilitarize

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Lloyd George

Britain’s leader that attended the Paris Peace Conference

Vittorio Emanuele Orlando

Italy’s leader that attended the Paris Peace Conference

Georges Clemenceau

France’s leader who attended Paris Peace Conference

Woodrow Wilson

U.S. leader that attended the Paris Peace Conference