Learning and Conditioning

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82 Terms

1

Learning

Acquiring new and enduring information/behaviors

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2

Associative Learning

Learning that certain events occur together

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3

Stimulus

Event or situation that evokes a response

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4

Respondent Behavior

Automatic response to a stimulus

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5

Operant Behavior

Behavior that operates on the environment

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6

Cognitive Learning

Acquisition of mental information through observation, watching others, or language

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7

Classical Conditioning

Learning by linking two or more stimuli

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8

Behaviorism

Objective science studying behavior without reference to mental processes

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9

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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10

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus

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11

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Stimulus that triggers an unconditioned response

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12

Conditioned Response (CR)

Learned response to a conditioned stimulus

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13

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Originally neutral stimulus that triggers a conditioned response

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14

Acquisition

Initial stage of classical conditioning

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15

Higher-order Conditioning

Pairing a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus

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16

Extinction

Diminishing of a conditioned response

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17

Spontaneous Recovery

Reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response

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18

Generalization (stimulus generalization)

Tendency for similar stimuli to elicit similar responses

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19

Discrimination

Ability to distinguish between similar stimuli

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20

Operant Conditioning

Learning through reinforcement or punishment

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21

Law of Effect

Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely

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22

Operant Chamber (Skinner box)

Chamber with a bar/key for animals to manipulate for reinforcement

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23

Reinforcement

Event that strengthens a behavior

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Shaping

Procedure to guide behavior towards desired behavior

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25

Positive Reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by presenting a pleasurable stimulus

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Negative Reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by removing an aversive stimulus

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27

Primary Reinforcer

Innately reinforcing stimulus

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Conditioned Reinforcer (Secondary reinforcer)

Stimulus that gains reinforcing power through association

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29

Reinforcement Schedule

Pattern that defines how often a response will be reinforced

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30

Continuous Reinforcement

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

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31

Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement

Reinforcing a response only part of the time

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32

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

Reinforcing a response after a specified number of responses

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Variable-Ratio Schedule

Reinforcing a response after an unpredictable number of responses

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Fixed-Interval Schedule

Reinforcing a response after a specified time has elapsed

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35

Variable-Interval Schedule

Reinforcing a response at unpredictable time intervals

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36

Punishment

Event that decreases the behavior it follows

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37

Preparedness

Biological predisposition to learn associations with survival value

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38

Instinctive Drift

Reversion of learned behavior to biologically predisposed patterns

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39

Cognitive Map

Mental representation of one's environment

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40

Latent Learning

Learning that is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

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41

Observational Learning

Learning by observing others

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42

Modeling

Process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

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43

Mirror Neurons

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing or observing certain actions

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44

Prosocial Behavior

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior

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45

Desensitization

Diminishing emotional responsiveness through repeated exposure

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46

Social Learning

Learning through observation, peer influence, and cultural influence

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47

Averse Conditioning

Exposure to a stimulus while experiencing discomfort

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48

Air-Crib

Skinner's invention to mechanize childcare with a controlled environment

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49

Teaching Machine

Computer that provides immediate feedback on answers

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50

Chaining Behaviors

Breaking a task into small steps and teaching each step individually

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51

Discriminative Stimulus

Stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

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52

Continuous Reinforcement

Reinforcing behavior every time it is demonstrated

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53

Partial Reinforcement

Reinforcing behavior sometimes

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54

Fixed Reinforcement

Reward is given at predictable times

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55

Variable Reinforcement

Reward is given at unpredictable times

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56

Ratio Reinforcement

Reward is based on the number of attempts

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57

Interval Reinforcement

Reward is based on the amount of time

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58

Rescorla Wagner Model

Formal model of Pavlovian conditioning

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59

Habituation

Decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure

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60

Learned Helplessness

Belief that one cannot change a stressful situation

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61

Reinforcer

Something that increases the likelihood of a behavior

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62

Unconditioned

Stimulus causing a response without prior learning

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63

Insight

Understanding of cause and effect within a context

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64

Intrinsic Motivation

Activity done for inherent satisfaction

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65

Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation based on external goals or rewards

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66

Biofeedback

Process of changing physiological activity for health and performance

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67

Little Albert Experiment

Demonstration of classical conditioning in humans

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68

Little Albert

Baby classically conditioned to fear a rat

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69

Albert Bandura

Conducted the Bobo doll experiment on modeling

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70

Edward Deci

Researcher on extrinsic rewards undermining intrinsic motivation

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71

Ivan Pavlov

Russian scientist who developed classical conditioning

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72

Rosalie Rayner

Collaborated on the Little Albert experiment

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73

Robert Rescorla

Worked on the Rescorla-Wagner Theory of conditional learning

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74

Richard Ryan

Co-developer of Self-Determination Theory

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75

Giacomo Rizzolatti

Discovered mirror neurons

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76

Martin Seligman

Creator of the Learned Helplessness theory

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77

B.F. Skinner

Psychologist known for operant conditioning and inventions

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78

Edward Thorndike

Created the Law of Effect theory

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79

Edward Tolman

Conducted research on cognitive maps

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80

Allan Wagner

Collaborated on the Rescorla-Wagner Theory of conditional learning

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81

John Watson

Conducted the Little Albert experiment

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82

Kenneth and Mamie Clark

Conducted the doll experiment on racial bias

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