HBS/A & P - EOC Flashcards

anterior/posterior

front side of the body; backside of the body

inferior/superior

away from the head/lower; closer to the head/higher

medial/lateral

toward the middle/center; to the side/away from the middle

distal/proximal

further away from the point of attachment; closer to the point of attachment

superficial/deep

on the surface/shallow; closer to the interior center of the body

ventral/dorsal

abdomen side; spinal side

abdominal

the region encompassing the abdominal muscles

antecubital

of or relating to the region of the arm in front of the elbow

axillary

armpit area/region

brachial

upper arm

buccal

of or relating to or toward the cheek

calcaneal

relating to the heel bone or heel

carpal

of or relating to the wrist

cephalic

the head or skull

cervical

uppermost region of the spine

coxal

referring to the hip region

digital

region encompassing the toes/fingers

femoral

of or relating to or near the femur or thigh, typically towards the top

gluteal

the region or area of the gluteus muscles

inguinal

of or relating to the area near the groin

lumbar

the part of the spinal cord/back between the ribs and the hipbones (5 vertebrae)

nasal

the area/region relating to the nose (or nasal cavity)

occipital

the region at the base of the skull

olecranal

the region on the back of the elbow

oral

the area of the mouth/oral cavity

orbital

the region of the eye/around the eye

patellar

near or relating to the patella or kneecap

pelvic

of or relating to the pelvis

popliteal

of or relating to the area behind the knee joint

sacral

the region of the spinal cord/back that is directly after the lumbar region

scapular

the region around what is know as the shoulder blade

sternal

of or relating to or near the sternum

tarsal

the ankle region

thoracic

the region directly above the lumbar region; middle of the back (12 vertebrae)

umbilical

the abdominal region around the belly button

vertebral

referring to the whole spinal cord/back

epithelial

Function: protection, absorption/secretion, sensation

Location: skin, outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels, inner surfaces of internal organs

connective

Function: support/structure, protection, transport

Location: between tissues throughout the body, found in tendons and ligaments, bones

\*Tendon - muscle to bone; Ligament - bone to bone

muscle

Function: contracts and relaxes to move different body parts

Location: walls of veins, arteries, and intestines (smooth); heart (cardiac); on bones (skeletal)

nervous

Function: coordinates and controls the body's many functions

Location: brain, spinal cord, nerves

mandible

the jaw bone

maxilla

bone around the nasal cavity ("top jaw bone")

zygomatic process

the cheek boone

frontal bone

the bone that makes up the forehead

temporal bone

the skull bone by the ear (where the mandible connects with temporalis)

occipital bone

base of the skull/back of the head

parietal bone

top of the head

orbicularis oculi

opens and closes eyelids

orbicularis oris

pushes and pulls lips

temporalis

opens and closes the mandible (jaw)

appendicular

arms (scapula and out), and legs (pelvis and down)

axial

skull, ribcage, and vertebral column

Occipital Lobe

responsible for vision

Cerebellum

responsible for muscle coordination

Frontal Lobe

responsible for feelings like happiness and anger

Brain Stem

responsible for breathing

Temporal & Frontal Lobes

responsible for long term memory

Temporal Lobe

responsible for short term memory

Medulla Oblongata

responsible for blood pressure regulation

Pituitary Gland

responsible for "fight or flight response"

Frontal Lobe

responsible for problem solving

Parietal Lobe

responsible for pain, touch, and temperature

Motor neurons, sensory neurons, and interneurons

3 types of neurons

Function of a motor neuron

to send information away from the central nervous system to muscles or glands

Function of a sensory neuron

to send information from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system

Function of an interneuron

to send information between sensory neurons and motor neurons

Sensory Neuron

another name for an afferent neuron

Motor Neuron

another name for an efferent neuron

Function of the cell body part of a neuron

* Largest part of a neuron
* Contains the neuron's nucleus, associated cytoplasm, and other cell structures.
* Produces proteins needed for the construction of other parts of the neuron

Function of the axon part of a neuron

* Long nerve processes that may branch out to convey signals to various areas
* Carries signals away from the cell body

Function of the dendrites of a neuron

* Carry signals toward the cell body.
* More numerous, shorter and more branched than axons.
* Have many synapses in order to receive signal messages from nearby neurons

Function of the myelin sheath of a neuron

* Consists of fat-containing cells that insulate the axon from electrical activity


* Increase the speed of the impulse

Neurotransmitter

brain chemicals that communicate information throughout our brain and body

Repolarization

the change in membrane potential that returns it to a negative value just after the depolarization phase of an action potential has changed the membrane potential to a positive value

Depolarization

a positive-going change in a cell's membrane potential, making it more positive, or less negative, and thereby removing the polarity that arises from the accumulation of negative charges on the inner membrane and positive charges on the outer membrane of the cell

Resting potential

the electrical potential of a neuron to its surroundings when not stimulated or involved in passage of an impulse

Voluntary reflex

slower reaction that goes through the brain

Involuntary reflex

a quicker reaction that does not require going through the brain

Insulin

hormone released when you have high blood sugar

Pancreas

* releases insulin
* releases glucagon

Low blood sugar

Glucagon is released from the pancreas, glycogen is transformed into glucose by the liver and released into the blood stream to return the blood level back to normal

Thyroid Hormone Feedback Loop

The hypothalamus produces TRH releasing hormone, which tells the pituitary gland to stimulate the thyroid gland. When the level of thyroid hormones drops to low, the pituitary gland produces TSH. This tells the thyroid gland to produce more hormones. Under the influence of TSH, the thyroid will secrete T3 and T4, which will raise their blood levels The pituitary gland senses this and, decreases the TSH production. T3 and T4 are then released into the blood stream, where they control metabolism.

Cornea, pupil, lens, retina, optic nerve

path of light through the eye

Function of the cornea

* To bend -- or refract -- the incoming light onto the lens


* Acts as the eye's outermost lens

Function of the pupil

to control the amount of light entering the eye

Function of sclera

it is the tough, opaque tissue that serves as the eye's protective outer coat

Function of the lens

change the focal distance of the eye by changing shape so that it can focus on objects at various distances

Function of the retina

to receive light focused from the lens, convert the light into neural signals, and send these signals on to the brain

Function of the aqueous humor

this fluid nourishes the cornea and the lens and gives the eye it's shape

Function of the vitreous humor

to transmit light to the retina

Myopic

nearsightedness

Hyperopic

farsightedness

Emmetropic

normal sight

Myopic disorder lens

convergent lens or convex lens

Hyperopic disorder lens

divergent lens or concave lens

Association neuron

another name for an interneuron

3 parts of action potential

* Resting
* Depolarization
* Repolarization

Negative Feedback Loop

feedback loop type of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and thyroid gland loop

Difference between an exocrine gland and a endocrine gland

* exocrine glands secrete through ducts
* endocrine glands secrete into the bloodstream

Chemical

are neurotransmitters chemical or electrical?