WHAP- Unit 3 & 4

Qing Dynasty

The last and final Chinese dynasty, ruled from 1644 to 1911, established by the Manchus after the fall of the Ming Dynasty.

Banner System

A military and social organization used by the Qing Dynasty to divide the population into groups based on loyalty to the state and military service.

Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)

The first tzar of Russia known for his expansionist policies and ruling with absolute power.

Time of Troubles

A period of political instability and unrest in Russia following the death of Ivan IV.

Millet system

A system used by the Ottoman Empire granting religious groups self-governance to maintain peace and order.

Devshirme

A system in the Ottoman Empire where Christian children were enslaved and trained as elite soldiers (Janissaries).

Safavids

A Muslim empire that followed Shia Islam and established its rule in Persia, rival to the Sunni Ottoman Empire.

Zamindars

Landowners and tax collectors in the Mughal Empire who played a crucial role in administering local taxation.

Sikhism

A religion founded by Guru Nanak that emphasizes equality, rejects the caste system, and incorporates elements from both Islam and Hinduism.

National Seclusion Policy

A policy enacted by the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan that restricted foreign influence and travel, aiming to isolate Japan from outside contact.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals, culture, diseases, and ideas between the Old World and the New World following Columbus's voyages.

Casta System

A rigid social hierarchy established in Spanish colonial America that categorized people based on race and ancestry.

Encomienda System

Labor system where Spanish colonists were granted land and the right to demand labor from the Indigenous people in exchange for protection and religious instruction.

Glorious Revolution

The bloodless transition of power in England from King James II to William and Mary in 1688, leading to constitutional monarchy.

Edict of Nantes

A 1598 decree by Henry IV of France granting religious toleration to Huguenots and ending the French Wars of Religion.

Thirty Years' War

A European conflict (1618-1648) that involved multiple nations and resulted in significant territorial and political changes, particularly in Germany.

Hapsburg Family

A powerful royal family that ruled Austria and intermarried with various European dynasties to increase their influence.

Peace of Westphalia

The series of treaties that concluded the Thirty Years' War in 1648, recognizing the sovereignty of individual states and religious tolerance.

Commercial Revolution

A period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism from the late 13th century to the early 18th century that changed the structure of trade.

Joint-Stock Companies

Businesses formed by pooling resources of multiple investors to share the risks and profits of colonial ventures and trade.

Mercantilism

An economic theory that encourages nations to accumulate wealth through trade by exporting more than they import.

Aurangzeb

The last significant Mughal emperor, known for ending religious toleration and implementing pro-Muslim policies, which led to the decline of the empire.

Ming Dynasty

The Chinese dynasty that preceded the Qing Dynasty, known for its cultural and economic achievements until its fall due to internal strife.

Shah Jahan

The Mughal emperor best known for constructing the Taj Mahal as a mausoleum for his wife, Mumtaz Mahal.

Cossacks

Peasant-soldiers in Russia who played a significant role in the expansion of Russian territory during the empire's formation.

Henry VIII

King of England who initiated the English Reformation by breaking from the Catholic Church to create the Church of England.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

The founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate, who centralized power and established the Edo period in Japan.