WHAP- Unit 3 & 4

MANCHU CHINA/QING DYNASTY (Pre-existing)

Context:

• Ming Dynasty falls due to famine & peasant revolts -> rise of outsider Manchus who saw an opportunity to take over

• LAST & FINAL Chinese dynasty!!! (1644-1911)

-> Qing Dynasty

• From Manchuria = not ethnically Chinese 

  • Hence, affirmed their legitimacy to rule thru imperial portraits that reflected important items linked to Chinese history

  • Aimed to be ethnically different BUT blended in with Chinese culture 

  • Rather than ruling OVER the Chinese, they try to rule WITH the Chinese

    • Promoted Confucianism

    • Revitalization of civil service examination; now to LOWER CLASSES as well

• Leaders Kangxi & Qianlong expanded China to its LARGEST SIZE EVER

  • Got Mongolia, Centra Asia, & Tibet; Nepal, Vietnam, Burma = vassal states

• CHINA LOOKS INWARD -> doesn’t attempt to conquer the rest of the world; only their neighbors

• Heavy protection of their culture

  • Christianity was banned when threatened by European missionaries 

  • Trade restricted to one city- Canton

• Banner System- military/social org. dividing popul. into diff groups for better control, based on their loyalty to the state & military service

RUSSIAN EMPIRE (Pre-existing)

Context:

• At the time, Constantinople & Byzantine Empire falls -> Orthodox Christianity moves to Moscow (Third Rome)

• Mongolians kicked out of Russia thanks to Ivan III The Great & Ivan IV becomes absolute ruler

-> Start of Russian Empire

• Ivan IV known as Ivan The Terrible, becomes the first tzar of Russia

• Expansion

  • Recruited peasants to settle in new lands by freeing them from their lords- boyars, but had to get the lands themselves

    • Cossacks: peasant-soldiers that lived in the borders of the empire & helped expand Russian territory

• Time of Troubles- death of Ivan IV led to pretenders fighting for the throne 

  • Solution: election of Michael Romanov & start of Romanov Dynasty (up until their assassination in 1900s)

• RUSSIA VS. EUROPE => very different

  • Europe= centralized 

  • Russia = decentralized with local lords + isolated from the West

• Russia keeps growing = East meets West

  • Peter the Great- wants to westernize his Russian empire

    • Established St. Petersburg as Russia’s new capital -> windows to the west + home to Western intellects

  • Catherine the Great- implemented more enlightened policies of education & Western education

    • Problem: her enlightenment ideals clashed w/ her aggressive expansionist policies & repressive serfdom ideas hindered growth of merchant class

ISLAMIC GUNPOWDER EMPIRES

OTTOMANS (brand new empire)

Context:

• Byzantine Empire, centered in Constantinople, controls parts of Turkey, Southeastern Europe, and Russia

  • Ruled by Justinian I & Theodora - oversaw expansion of their empire 

    • Justinian: Code of Justinian- codified Roman law & influenced Eastern Europe’s legal system

      • Patron of arts -> Hagia Sophia (main church of Byzantine Empire)

    • Theodora: changed women’s presence in Byzantine society as she was important in court + advisor to her husband 

• Mongol empire falls -> rise of a Muslim Ottoman Empire in the makings

  • Known as the Turks

-> Ottoman Empire

• Founded by Osman I in Anatolia (eastern Turkey) and challenges the Byzantine Empire

  • Fall of Constantinople -> city renamed to Istanbul

• Conversion of Eastern Orthodox cathedrals (Hagia Sophia) into mosques

• Expansion credited to Selim I

  • Tolerant of Christians & Jews but to an extent 

    • Millet system: aimed to maintain peace/order by giving religious groups self-governance 

    • Jizya: tax on non-Muslims

    • Devshirme: enslaved kids of Christians & turned them into fighting warriors- Janissaries 

• Golden Age of Ottoman Empire credited to Suleiman the Magnificent 

• Chief rival of Ottomans = Safavids 

SAFAVIDS (brand new empire)

• Wedged in the middle of Ottomans and Mughals

• Dominated by Shia Islam to keep/justify their rule

• Chief rival of Safavids = Sunni Ottomans

• Shah Ismail I- founded & established the foundation of the empire

• Shah Abas I- moved capital to Isfahan + modernized military + improved trade + golden age of art & culture

MUGHALS (brand new empire)

• Delhi Sultanate- defeated by Muslim Babur -> rise of Mughal Empire

• VERY DISTINCTIVE

  • Unified the entire Indian subcontinent, which has never ever been done before 

• Akbar the Great- expanded much of the empire thru his policies 

  • Zamindars: land owners & tax collectors 

  • Allowed Hinduism & Islam to be practiced openly 

  • Got rid of jizya & sati 

  • Golden age of arts & life 

    • Shah Jahan’s Taj Mahal

• 2 DEVELOPMENTS THAT CHANGED THE EMPIRE AFTER AKBAR

  • 1) Aurangzeb - religious toleration ended + pro-Muslim policies & against Hindus

  • 2) Arrival fo Europeans (Portuguese in Goa & British in Bombay + Calcutta)

• SIKHISM

  • Founded by Guru Nanak as a response to the social inequalities of BOTH Islam & Hinduism (so influenced by the troubles of Mughal rule)

    • Takes the truth from either religion and leaves out the rest -> creating a distinct religious identity

  • Monotheistic + rejects caste system + calls for equality for everyone regardless of background

    • Langar- serving free + communal meals EVERYONE

• MARATHA EMPIRE- Hindus resist the Islamic Mughal Empire through the Maratha Wars & form the Maratha Confederacy 

SUMMARY: Mughals strong -> Sikhism founded -> Mughals weak -> Maratha rises & defeats some Mughals -> British take over both the declining Mughals & Marathas 

TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE (Japan)

European Developments

Context:

• Feudal system declines; rise of centralization thru Shoguns

• Start of Japanese exposure to the West

  • Portugal starts trade + introduces guns

  • Christian missionaries arrive- some ppl convert

-> BUT, westernization STOPS

• Tokugawa Ieyasu starts the strict/rigid shogunate

  • Known as the Edo Period (capital moved to Edo)

• JAPAN CLOSED TO OUTSIDERS/SECLUDED

  • National Seclusion Policy: no one travels out & no one comes in

christianity in the years

• Anglicans- Church of England

• Lutherans- followes of Martin Luther

• Calvinists- also known as Puritans

-> revolutions in European thoughts led to FOUR massive changes: Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, Scientific Revolution, & Enlightenment 

A) The Renaissance

• New middle class emerges cuz of renewed global trade after the Black Death

  • The wealthy spent money on studying the past

    • Humanism: focusing on the here & now + celebrating human achievements

• REBIRTH -> cultural & intellectual revival of Europe

  • Powerful Italian families finance ART

    • Medici family becomes patron of artists like Michelangelo & Brunelleschi

  • Paintings are more realistic/humanistic/realism compared to medieval times

    • Ex: Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello, etc.

  • WRITING FLOURISHES

    • Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press- increased public education & literacy 

B) Protestant Reformation

• Back in the Middle Ages, the pope was considered higher than even the king

• NOW: everyone can see how the Catholic Church holds too much power & exploitation

  • Church starts selling indulgences- paper that by buying, reduces ur time spent in purgatory

    • Nobles & peasants mad 

  • Martin Luther- nails 95 theses on a church door that outlines his frustrations with current practices

    • Creates the idea that ppl don’t need to rely on the Church for salvation

  • Pope Leo X is mad Luther and gets him excommunicated 

• CHRISTIANITY SPLITS AGAIN

  • Lutherans- followers of Luther

  • John Calvin’s Calvinist Doctrine- God has predetermined destiny for ppl -> Calvinism

  • King Henry VIII- declares himself head of religious affairs over the pope

    • Created the Church of England (Anglican Church)

• COUNTER/CATHOLIC-REFORMATION- Pope reasserts his authority 

  • Spain led reforms to the Catholic church that gained them back some credibility

    • Jesuits- helped restore faith in the Church & Jesus

  • Council of Trent: series of meetings held by the Church that was a direct response to the questioning of Roman Catholicism, where they defined & clarified

European Explorations/Expansion

-> Spain & Portugal take the lead in maritime exploration

• Wanting to avoid Muslim middlemen in trade + encouraged by Hanseatic League & Crusades to find better trade routes 

• PORTUGAL

  • FIRST TO EXPLORE 

  • Spain focuses on the West, Portugal focuses on Eurasia (coastal Africa, Indian Ocean, & Spice Islands)

    • India- Goa

    • Spice Islands- Strait of Malacca

  • Known as the middleman of a floating empire 

  • Controlled SEA TRADE routes + protected trading posts

    • Eventually lost control over faraway colonies to the Dutch/British w/ faster ships & better guns

  • Strategic location near coast of Africa -> exploration of Eurasia 

  • Prince Henry the Navigator- father of the Age of Exploration 

    • funded, initiated, & promoted Portugal desire to explore + increase its wealth

    • led to Portugal’s early involvement in African slave trade

  • Vasco da Gama- rounded the Cape of Good Hope (tip of Africa) + explored East Africa & reached India

• SPAIN

  • Christopher Columbus convinces Isabella & Ferdinand to finance his expedition to India 

    • Instead, he found the Americas- Cuba & West Indies

    • BUT, unsuccessful in finding anything valuable to send back

• Portugal vs. Spain over land in the Americas -> Treaty of Tordesillas- line that states everything to the east goes to Portugal and everything to the west goes to Spain

  • Brazil- Portugal

  • Spain- Rest of South America 

-> New Kids (British, Dutch, & French)

• Known as Trading Post Empires (only located on the coasts)

-> Say Thanks To Commercial Revolution

• Europe had support from monarchy 

• Rise of banking- lending money, charging interest on loans, etc.

• Joint-stock companies- pooled merchants together to distribute costs/risks/reduce consequences for individual investors 

• Mercantilism- nations increase their wealth thru balance of trade by EXPORTING MORE THAN IMPORTING

  • Leading to a surplus of gold/silver + establishment of colonies to send wealth back to mother country

TECH ADVANCES

-> Europe didn’t just do this out of nowhere! Once, they mastered tech advances, they were finally able to go out & explore! They built on the knowledge of trading & ancient scholars/travelers to perfect their own voyages!

• Sternpost Rudder- trade w/ China led them to borrow this tech + better control of bigger ships & navigation

• Lanteen Sails- allowed ships to sail in any direction, regardless of the wind (a problem in the Indian Ocean cuz of its monsoon winds)

• Astrolabe- helped determine latitude & location

• Magnetic Compass- helped determine location w/o staying in sight of land

• Caravels- HUGE ships w/ bigger lanteen sails, cargo rooms = hold provisions for longer journeys

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

• Old World & New World meet for the first time in history + exchange stuff from both sides 

  • Transfer of plants, animals, culture, diseases, & ideas

    • From New World- horses, smallpox, influenza, typhoid, common cold, guns, Catholicism, & African slave, etc.

    • From Old World- squash, beans, corn, cacao, syphilis

• Multiple diseases come to Americas => THE GREAT DYING - native american population declines rapidly cuz of European contact

• American food crops -> led to rise of population in Europe & Africa due to the caloric food

  • Little Ice Age - European famine/shortages of food happened during a long cooling period 

  • Great Irish Potato Famine- plant disease in the potato crops after introduciton of the crop to Europe

• MOST IMPORTANT CROPS- sugar & silver 

  • Sugarcane crops from Old to New World- the West Indies had the perfect environment to make sugar a  profitable business 

    • Led to Spanish plantation business

  • Silver- controlled the mines in Mexico & Peru mountains + influx of silver back to Europe 

    • Opened doors in Ming China, Philippines, Pacific Ocean trade routes

AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE

-> African rulers cooperated/protested European demand for African slaves 

• Middle passage- one leg of the triangular trade where Africans were forcefully sent to the Americas for slavery 

  • Most died on the trip & never make it to land 

• Huge demographic changes where Africans outnumber natives/whites in the population (ex: Brazil)

• Start of syncretic religions that’s a combo of Catholicism & West-African/Yoruba beliefs:

  • Vodun/Voodo- HAITI

  • Santeria- CUBA

  • Candomblé- BRAZIL

Start of an accidental SPANISH EMPIRE

• Aztecs conquered by the arrival of Hernando Cortes 

  • Better weaponry & diseases + neighboring natives who hate Aztecs= Spanish win

  • Montezuma- Aztec ruler 

• Incas conquered similarly by Francisco Pizarro 

• CASTA SYSTEM- rigid social hierarchy in Spanish colonial Americas

• ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM- forced labor of natives 

  • Conquistadors demanded labor from natives in exchange of protection & religious instruction

European Rivals (back at home)

-> SPAIN 

• As mentioned before, Queen Isabella (from Muslim Spanish region) + King Ferdinand (from Christian Spanish region) = divided Spain finally united under ONE POWERFUL Spanish authority 

  • Heavy support for WESTERN exploration 

  • Helped survive Spanish language + Catholicism by extending it to the Atlantic 

• National importance grew under Charles V, spreading empire from Austria - Germany = Spain (from the Hapsburg family)

  • But acquiring too much land led him to give it up to his son- Philip II, gaining control of most of Europe + Portugal 

    • Under Philip, Spanish Empire grew a lot + saw decay 

      • Dutch Protestants wanted their own empire (North= Dutch Netherlands, South= Belgium)

      • British Isles defeat the Spanish Armada 

      • Spain got lots of money from the New World, but spent it quickly on wars/fleets/missionary activities = glory days replaced by England & France

-> ENGLAND

• As mentioned before, King Henry VIII rejected pope’s authority + created Church of England to marry Anne Boleyn for a male heir 

• Didn’t get a male heir & got a daughter- Elizabeth I 

  • Start of a golden age in arts known as the Elizabethan age

    • Oversaw the exploration & colonization of the New World (after defeat of the Spanish Armada)

      • Now, Francis Drake starts circumnavigating the globe + preys on Spanish fleet

    • Muscovy Company- 1st joint-stock company founded

    • British East India Company- aimed to create a monopoly in the spice trade + eventually gains importance in East/South/SE Asia

    • 1st English colonies established in Roanoke & Jamestown, VA

    • Shakespeare writes his masterpieces

  • Religious problems

    • Anglican (Church of England) vs. Catholics + Puritans (Protestant group) persecuted 

    • James I tries to accommodate for Catholics & Puritans, BUT Puritans don’t recognize the power of the king, so now James = mad 

    • Puritans decide to move -> Pilgrims establish the Plymouth Colony 

• Complex English History 

  • Son of James I-> Charles I - horrible king who treats citizens badly just to fund a stupid war 

    • needs money from Parliament, so he agrees to sign Petition of Right- limits taxes & unlawful imprisonment

      • But he IGNORES the petition + still gets the funding for war 

      • Later, Scotland hates Charles & invades England, now Charles crawls back to Parliament, asking for more $$

• Long Parliament- Parliament led by puritans who limited absolute power of monarchy, DENIES Charles’ request + Charles = mad & arrests members of the House of Commons

  • Parliament sends Roundheads (led by Oliver Cromwell) to fight the king’s army (Cavaliers)

    • Cromwell rises to power as a leader of the English Commonwealth, known as the Lord Protector 

    • But, he is protestant, so he encourages Protestantism = resentment from society

• So, Stuart Restoration happens- exiled son of dead Charles I to take the throne + Charles II acknowledges rights of the ppl

  • He dies, James II takes over -> back to being Catholic & unpopular + parliament no likey

    • Glorious Revolution- bloodless change of leadership to protestant rulers- William & Mary 

      • Signs English Bill of Rights- limits power of monarchy + gives rights of the ppl

SUMMARY: Death of Elizabeth -> English Common Wealth -> Stuart Restoration -> Glorious Revolution = Europe unstable

-> FRANCE

• Hundred Years War -> unified France who’s largely Catholic -> Protestant Reformation -> now we got French Protestant minorities known as Huguenots 

• Bourbon Dynasty- 1st of the Bourbon kings = Henry IV who issues the Edict of Nantes for religious toleration btwn Catholics & Huguenots

• Cardinal Richelieu- Catholic who strengthened the absolute power of the French monarchy -> his goal continued w/ successor Cardinal Mazarin 

• Louis XIV- ABSOLUTE FRENCH POWER!!

  • Only 4 years old when he inherited the crown of France (his mother & Mazarin ruled for him until he grew up)

  • got rid of the Edict of Nantes- Hugeunots forced to flee 

  • France’s Estates-General (much like English parliament) didn’t have any power over monarchy at all

  • Appointed Jean Baptiste Colbert to manage royal funds

    • He wanted to expand French empire to increase business & taxes 

• PROBLEM of FRENCH EXPANSION -> War of Spanish Succession

  • Europe’s intermarriage process led to Louis XIV’s grandson to inherit the Spanish throne 

  • BUT, all of Europe (except France & Spain) is not okay w/ this because France & Spain is alr powerful & a combo of them = a no-no

  • SOLUTION= Philip V could inherit the Spanish throne but CANNOT combine with France 

-> GERMAN AREAS (basically the Holy Roman Empire/HRE)

• HRE is in CENTRAL EUROPE, including Germany/Austria region (NOT ITALY cuz its controlled by ruling families of city states) 

• So, what’s the problem with Germany & its surrounding areas?

  • Not unified like England, France, Spain, etc, it’s a collection of city states

  • Rise of the Hapsburg family of Austria who kept intermarrying with powerful regions to the west

  • Northern Germany => Protestant Reformation, where it actually started with Luther, Southern Germany => stayed Catholic

• RELIGIOUS DIVISIONS

  • Peace of Augsburg- intended to bring an end to Catholics vs. Protestants in this region during the Reformation/Counterreformation

  • Thirty Years’ War- protestant regions in Bohemia revolt under the rule of Catholic Hapsburgs

    • Every european country wanted to take part, but the fighting stayed in German Empire

• Peace of Westphalia- independence of small German states + religious freedom

  • Prussia state became the strongest

  • HRE lost A LOT of powerrrrr

  • France benefited from the war & became a powerful country in Europe -> later weak cuz of War of Spanish Succession