western civ

What was the role of the printing press in the Reformation?

It spread ideas quickly and widely, helping the Reformation.

Who invented the printing press and when?

Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-1400s (around 1440).

What were Luther's main beliefs?

Salvation by faith alone, the Bible is the only authority, all believers are equal before God.

What was the significance of Luther's 95 Theses?

It criticized Church corruption (like indulgences) and started the Protestant Reformation.

What happened during the Diet of Worms?

Luther was told to recant, he refused, and was declared an outlaw.

What did Calvin believe in?

Predestination (God chooses who is saved) and theocracy (church-run government).

Why did Henry VIII break away from the Catholic Church?

He wanted a divorce the Pope wouldn't allow, so he created the Church of England.

How did the Catholic Church respond to the Reformation?

Through the Counter-Reformation: Jesuits spread Catholicism, the Council of Trent reformed the Church, and banned books.

What was the Edict of Nantes?

It gave French Protestants (Huguenots) freedom of religion in 1598.

What was the outcome of the Treaty of Westphalia?

Ended the Thirty Years' War (1648), allowed religious freedom, and weakened the Holy Roman Empire.

What caused the Thirty Years' War?

Religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants.

What is capitalism?

An economic system based on private profit and investment.

How were the Dutch impacted by capitalism?

The Dutch became wealthy through trade and banking.

What is mercantilism?

The belief that a country's power is based on wealth from trade and colonies.

How did mercantilism affect Spain?

Spain became rich but also suffered inflation.

How did Elizabeth I solve England's problems?

She created a moderate Church of England and managed finances carefully.

What did Philip II use to challenge Elizabeth I?

He sent the Spanish Armada in 1588 to invade England.

What led to Charles I upsetting Parliament?

He raised taxes without approval and ignored Parliament.

Who was Oliver Cromwell?

The Puritan general who led Parliament’s army during the English Civil War.

What happened to Charles I in 1649?

He was tried and executed for treason.

What was the Glorious Revolution?

In 1688, Parliament replaced James II with William and Mary without bloodshed.