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Matter
Anything that occupies space.
Mass
The amount of matter in an object.
Weight
Results from the gravitational attraction between earth and matter.
Element
The simplest type of matter with unique chemical properties.
Atom
The smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element.
Neutron
A subatomic particle with no charge, found in the nucleus of an atom.
Proton
A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom.
Electron
A negatively charged subatomic particle found in the electron cloud around the nucleus of an atom.
Atomic number
The unique number of protons in each atom of an element.
Mass number
The number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
Isotopes
Two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.
Electron cloud
The region around the nucleus of an atom where electrons are located.
Hydrogen bond
The weak attraction that occurs between the oppositely charged regions of polar molecules.
Molecule
Two or more atoms chemically combined to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit.
Compound
Two or more different types of atoms chemically combined.
Formula
A representation of the kinds and numbers of atoms (or ions) in a molecule or compound.
Dissociation
The separation of ions in an ionic compound by polar water molecules.
Electrolytes
Ions that can conduct electricity.
Nonelectrolytes
Molecules that do not dissociate in water and cannot conduct electricity.
Chemical reaction
The process of forming new substances from reactants.
Reversible reaction
A reaction where the reactants can form products, or the products can form reactants.
Equilibrium
The state where the amount of reactants relative to products is constant.
Potential energy
Stored energy that could do work.
Kinetic energy
Energy that does work by causing the movement of an object.
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate, a molecule that stores and provides energy.
Catalyst
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being permanently changed or depleted.
Reactants
Substances that undergo chemical reactions.
Concentration
The amount of reactants present in a given volume.
Temperature
The measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance.
Acids
Proton (hydrogen ion, H+) donors.
Bases
Proton acceptors.
Acid
A substance that turns blue litmus paper red and has a pH less than 7.
Base
A substance that turns red litmus paper blue and has a pH greater than 7.
pH
A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, ranging from 0 to 14.
Salt
A compound formed when an acid reacts with a base.
Buffer
A chemical that resists changes in pH when acids or bases are added.
Inorganic Chemistry
The branch of chemistry that deals with non-carbon-containing substances.
Organic Chemistry
The branch of chemistry that deals with carbon-containing substances.
Carbohydrates
Organic molecules that provide the body with energy.
Lipids
Substances that dissolve in nonpolar solvents and provide energy, act as structural components, and regulate physiological processes.
Proteins
Organic molecules that regulate chemical reactions, act as structural components, and cause muscle contraction.
Denaturation
The disruption of hydrogen bonds in proteins, resulting in a change in shape and loss of function.
Enzymes
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.
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