Poultry Exam 1

The term poultry includes

• Chicken

• Turkey

• Duck

• Goose

• Ostrich

Efficient converter of feed to human food

• Broiler meat chick uses 2.2 lbs of feed to one lb live

weight

• Layer hen uses 2.8 lbs of feed to 1 dozen eggs

Waste from slaughter houses

• blood meal

• fish meal

• meat and

• bone meat

Feed grains

• rice and wheat hull, field corn, grain sorghum.

Broiler

• 42-49 days

Pullets

• 18-20 weeks

Laying hens provide a continuous source of food.

• a hen produces egg throughout the year

• producing several times of her body weight in her life

Interesting milestones in the broiler industry

• In 1925 it took 112 days to grow a 2.5-pound chicken.

• By 1950, that time had been cut to 70 days, with weight coming in at just over 3 pounds.

• In 2010, a broiler weighing 5.7 pounds could be produced in just 47 days.

Leading Chicken Producing Countries

1. China

2. United States

3. Russia

4. Brazil

5. Indonesia

Leading Turkey producing countries

1. United States

2. Russia

3. Italy

4. France

5. England

Leading Duck Producing Countries

1. China

2. Bangladesh

3. Indonesia

4. Vietnam

5. Thailand

Egg Producer States

1. California

2. Indiana

3. Pennsylvania

4. Ohio

5. Georgia

6. Arkansas

Broiler Producer States

1. Arkansas

2. Georgia

3. Alabama

4. North Carolina

5. Mississippi

Types of chicken enterprises

1. Egg production

2. Broiler production

3. Raising replacement pullets

The poultry industry is divided into three main segments

• Breeding

• Production

• Processing

Breeding

• Poultry breeding is done by a wide range of people for

diverse end uses and purposes.

Commercial breeding

• For egg production

• For Meat production

Village/Backyard breeding

• Poultry bred for both eggs and meat on a small-scale

Fancy/Exhibition breeding

• Non commercial production of small poultry breeds by enthusiasts

Geneticists

• design special breeding programs to select birds with the best characteristics for egg or meat production

18 percent of global output

• The United States of America is the world’s largest poultry meat producer

42 percent of global production

China is by far the world’s largest egg producer

24 to 26 hours

• A hen requires roughly these hours to produce an egg.

Importance of the egg as reproductive structure

• Protects the developing chick embryo

• Provides a complete diet for embryo

• Serves as the principal source of food for the first few days of the baby chicken's life

The are five major parts of an egg

1. the yolk

2. the white

3. the shell membranes

4. the shell

5. the air cell

282 million egg

• Laying hens in the US

75 billion eggs

• What egg companies produce per year

Nutritionally rich in protein, vitamins

• A

• D

• E

• K

Yolk (Ovum)

• Color ranges from just a hint of yellow to magnificent deep orange (feed and breed)

• Variation in yolk color is the most noticeable characteristic of eggs that is influenced by the ration or feed.

• Rich in xanthophyll contents a yellow or brown carotenoid plant pigment) that causes the autumn colors of leaves

The yolk consists of

• germinal disc or blastoderm

• latebra

• concentric rings of yolk material

• the vitelline membrane (a colorless membrane) which surrounds and contains the yolk

• 31 percent of the total weight of the egg.

White (Albumen)

• The white consists of several layers which together constitute about 56 percent of the weight of the egg.

• Contains large amount of protein necessary for the development of the embryo.

• The chalaziferous layer immediately surrounds the yolk and is continuous with the chalazae.

Shell Membrane

• Are tough and fibrous membranes

• Are composed chiefly of protein (similar in nature to that in hair and feathers)

• The inner membrane is thinner than the outer membrane

• Together they are only about twenty-four ten thousandths (0.00024) of an inch thick. 24/10,000 of an inch.

• Protect the contents of the egg from bacterial invasions

Shell

Hard protective covering made primarily of calcium-carbonate

• It is very porous with pores at the large end of the egg are larger and more numerous

• Permits the transfer of gases and moisture

It is composed of three layers

• the mammillary or inner layer (covers the outer

shell membrane).

• the spongy layer

• the cuticle

Egg Pores

• connect the surface and the mammilla

• The egg, as laid, normally has no air cell.

• It forms as the egg cools, usually in the large end of the egg, and develops between the shell membranes.

• The air cell is formed as a result of the different rates of

• contraction between the shell and its contents.

Ovomucin

• gives structure to the thick white.

riboflavin

• The white also contains some water-soluble B vitamins

Hummingbird eggs weighing

• 0.001 lb

Ostrich egg weighing about

• 3.1 lb

The reproductive system of the hen is divided into two main parts

1. Ovary

2. Oviduct

The left ovary

• develops the egg

The Ovary

• This is a cluster of developing yolks (each separate from the others).

• This organ is fully formed, although very small, when the chick is hatched.

• It contains approximately 3,600 to 4,000 minute ova

• These ova are future yolks

• Each ova has its own sac or follicle

The Oviduct

• Is a long, tube organ lying along the backbone

• Attached loosely between the ovary and the tail.

• It is approximately 25 to 27 inches long

• Divided into five areas which perform certain functions

in completing the formation of the egg

The Infundibulum

• The first part of the oviduct 3 or 4 inches long,

• commonly called the funnel.

• It opens into the body cavity.

• reservoir for male sperm

• The yolk moves through the infundibulum or funnel to the magnum in about 15 minutes through Peristaltic action

The magnum

• Magnum is area about 15 inches long.

The time required for the yolk to travel is about 3 hours

• Three of the four layers of the white are formed in

the magnum

• All the protein in the white is secreted

The isthmus

• A constricted area of the oviduct about 4 inches long

• The developing egg passes in about 1-1/4 hours.

• some water and mineral salts are added

• the two shell membranes are deposited

The Uterus

A heavy-walled part of the oviduct, 4 inches in length

•The developing egg spends about 21 hours

•(longest time the egg spends)

•Two layers of the shell are formed

•Pigment is added

•Pores are formed