AP1 Unit Exam Review - Chs 1-5

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering vocabulary and key concepts related to Anatomy and Physiology based on the provided lecture notes.

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the body and its organs.

Physiology

The study of the functions of the body's organs and systems.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of stable internal conditions in an organism.

Dynamic Equilibrium

A state of balance between continuing processes within the body.

Negative Feedback

A mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point to maintain homeostasis.

Positive Feedback

A mechanism that increases the change or output in a process.

Receptor

A sensor that detects changes in the environment.

Control Center

Processes information and determines the appropriate response in a feedback loop.

Effector

The organ or cell that acts in response to signals from the control center.

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Divisions of the abdominal area used to locate organs.

Transverse Plane

A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

Sagittal Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts.

Coronal Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue that covers external surfaces and lines internal cavities.

Connective Tissue

Tissue that supports, binds together, and protects tissues and organs.

Muscle Tissue

Tissue responsible for the movement of the body.

Nervous Tissue

Tissue that transmits nerve impulses and processes information.

Homeostatic Dysregulation

The inability of the body to maintain homeostasis.

Tissue

A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function.

Cell Membrane

The membrane surrounding a cell, controlling the entry and exit of substances.

Diffusion

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Facilitated Diffusion

A process that uses specialized proteins to help move substances across a cell membrane.

Active Transport

The movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

Tonicity

The ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering internal water volume.

Isotonic

A situation where the concentration of solutes is equal on both sides of a membrane.

Hypotonic

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

Hypertonic

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

Transmembrane Proteins

Proteins that span the entire membrane and assist in transport across the membrane.

Exocytosis

The process by which substances are expelled from a cell.

Endocytosis

The process by which a cell takes in materials from the outside.

Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs liquid.

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large particles or cells.

Secondary Active Transport

Transport that moves substances indirectly through the use of an electrochemical gradient.

Fibroblasts

Cells that produce collagen and other fibers in connective tissue.

Extracellular Matrix

The non-cellular component present within tissues and organs.

Histology

The study of the microscopic structure of tissues.

Skeletal Muscle

Striated muscle that is under voluntary control, responsible for movement.

Cardiac Muscle

Striated muscle found only in the heart, involuntary control.

Smooth Muscle

Non-striated muscle found in walls of hollow organs, involuntary control.

Goblet Cells

Cells that secrete mucus in epithelial tissues.

Keratinocytes

The most common cell type in the epidermis, responsible for producing keratin.

Melanocytes

Cells that produce melanin, contributing to skin color.

Langerhans Cells

Immune cells located in the epidermis that help protect against pathogens.

Merkel Cells

Cells that act as mechanoreceptors, detecting light touch.

Dermis

The layer of skin beneath the epidermis made of connective tissue.

Epidermis

The outermost layer of skin, composed of stratified squamous epithelium.

Hypodermis

The layer of connective tissue beneath the dermis, containing fat and larger blood vessels.

Sebaceous Glands

Glands in the skin that secrete sebum, an oily substance.

Eccrine Glands

Sweat glands that regulate body temperature through water loss.

Apocrine Glands

Sweat glands that become active during puberty and are found in limited areas.

Serous Membrane

Membranes that line closed body cavities and cover organs.

Mucous Membrane

Membranes that line cavities open to the exterior of the body.

Stratum Corneum

The outermost layer of the epidermis, providing a barrier against environmental hazards.

Stratum Lucidum

A clear layer of the epidermis found only in thick skin.

Stratum Granulosum

A layer of the epidermis where cells begin to flatten and keratinize.

Stratum Spinosum

A layer of the epidermis that provides strength and flexibility to the skin.

Stratum Basale

The deepest layer of the epidermis where cell division occurs.

Connective Tissue Proper

A category of connective tissue with a diverse range of cells and matrix.

Mesenchyme

Embryonic connective tissue from which all connective tissues develop.

Cardiac Junctions

Specialized intercellular junctions found in cardiac muscle.

Tight Junctions

Cell junctions that prevent leakage of materials between epithelial cells.

Desmosomes

Cell junctions that provide mechanical strength by binding cells together.

Gap Junctions

Cell junctions that allow for intercellular communication.

Inflammation

The body's response to injury or infection, leading to redness and swelling.

Epithelial Regeneration

The ability of epithelial tissue to replace lost or damaged cells.

Vascularized

Describes tissues that contain a blood supply.

Innervated

Describes tissues that contain nerve supply.

Exocrine Glands

Glands that secrete substances through ducts to an external surface.

Sensation

The process of detecting stimuli from the environment through sensory receptors.

Keratinization

The process by which cells become filled with keratin, losing their nuclei and die.

Apical Surface

The top surface of an epithelial cell that faces the body surface or cavity.

Basal Surface

The bottom surface of an epithelial cell that contacts the underlying tissue.

Stratified Layer

A tissue layer composed of multiple cell layers.

Simple Layer

A tissue layer composed of a single cell layer.

Epidermal Growth

Processes that contribute to the development and regeneration of the epidermis.

Subcutaneous Layer

Also known as the hypodermis, it connects the skin to underlying tissues.

Integumentary System

Major Organs: Skin, hair, nails. Function: Protection, thermoregulation.

Skeletal System

Major Organs: Bones, cartilage. Function: Support, blood production.

Muscular System

Major Organs: Muscles, tendons. Function: Movement, heat.

Nervous System

Major Organs: Brain, spinal cord, nerves. Function: Rapid communication.

Endocrine System

Major Organs: Glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads). Function: Hormonal regulation.

Cardiovascular System

Major Organs: Heart, blood, vessels. Function: Transport nutrients/gases.

Lymphatic System

Major Organs: Nodes, vessels, spleen, thymus. Function: Immunity, fluid balance.

Respiratory System

Major Organs: Lungs, trachea. Function: Gas exchange.

Digestive System

Major Organs: Stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas. Function: Nutrient absorption.

Urinary System

Major Organs: Kidneys, bladder. Function: Waste excretion, fluid balance.

Reproductive System

Major Organs: Testes, ovaries, uterus. Function: Gamete production, reproduction.

Cranial Region

The superior part of the head, enclosing the brain.

Cervical Region

The neck region.

Thoracic Region

The chest area.

Brachial Region

The upper arm.

Abdominal Region

The area between the thorax and pelvis.

Lumbar Region

The lower back area, between the ribs and pelvis.

Gluteal Region

The buttocks area.

Femoral Region

The thigh area.

Patellar Region

The anterior (front) aspect of the knee.

Popliteal Region

The posterior (back) aspect of the knee.

Crural Region

The leg (shin) area.

Tarsal Region

The ankle area.