Unit 4 Learning

Unconditioned Stimulus

Stimulus that naturally causes a specific response

Unconditioned Response

Response naturally caused by a stimulus

Neutral Stimulus

Stimulus that has no prior response connection

Conditioned Stimulus

Neutral stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus that causes a desired response when represented alone

Conditioned Response

A response that is caused by conditioned stimulus alone

Generalization

Respond to all ringing sounds

Stimulus Discrimination

Only respond to a specific stimuli

Extinction

Stop responding to conditioned stimulus

Fluid Intelligence

Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly

Crystalized Intelligence

Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills

Kinesthetic Intelligence

The ability to move the body in sports or other physical activities

Analytical Intelligence

The ability to break down problems into component parts for analysis

Assimilation

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing ones

Self-Efficacy

One’s sense of competence and effectiveness

Reciprocal Determinism

The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

Drive Reduction Theory

The idea that physiological needs create an aroused tension that drives a person to resolve that tension

Basal Metabolic Rate

Body´s resting rate of energy expenditure

Set Point Theory

Belief that brain mechanisms regulate body weight around a general set point

Proactive Interference

Disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Serial Position Effect

Tendency to recall best the last and first in a list

Histionic

Overly dramatic

Schizotypal

Characterized by odd beliefs that lead to interpersonal difficulties like magical thinking

That's-not-all phenomenon

a compliance approach that involves adding something to the original offer

Fixed Interval

Reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed

Fixed Ratio

Reinforces a response only after a specific number of responses

Variable Ratio

Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Variable Interval

Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Encoding Devices

Techniques that are used to aid in encoding information into memory

Retrieval Cue

Stimuli that are used to bring a memory into conscious or into behavior

Semantic Cues

Prior knowledge and experience that readers bring to a reading situation

Availability Heuristic

Estimating likelihood of events based on availability in memory

Conversion Disorder

Somatoform disorder where a person experiences sensations without any stimuli

Cognitive Behavior Therapy

Changing self thinking into a more positive behavior

Actor Observer

Tendency To attribute own actions to external causes

Flynn Effect

Effect in which intelligence improves from generation to generation

Convergent Thinking

Narrows the available problem solution to determine the single best solution

Shallow Processing

Encoding on a basic level based on the structure of words

Aptitude

Capacity for learning

Reuptake

A neurotransmitter´s reabsorption by sending a neuron

Dual Processing

Principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

Myelination

Process by which axons become coated by myelin, and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron

Neuroplasticity

Ability within the brain to change both structure and function of many in response to experience or trauma

Theory of Mind

People´s ideas of their own and others´ mental states, feelings thoughts or perceptions

Conservation

Principle believed to be part of concrete operational properties remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

ex: cutting a piece of paper does not make a new substance

Sensorimotor

Piaget stage in which children explore world through interaction of of senses

Preoperational stage

Piaget´s second stage of cognitive development where egocentrism develops

Concrete Operational

Piaget´s stage of development where children gain ability to logically think about problems

Formal Operational

Piaget´s theory of development where people can logically think about abstract concepts

Post Conventional

Kohlberg Ethics where moral reasoning is based around higher thinking and full internalization

External Attribution

Inference that a person makes about the situation someone else is in based on the situation

Reaction Formation

Psychoanalytic defense mechanism where the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites

Transference

Psychoanalytical defense mechanism where the patients transfer emotions to the analyst

Semantic Memory

General knowledge

Assimilation

Interpret new experiences in terms of existing schemas

Parkinson´s Disease

Disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement

Cross-Sectional Study

Study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

Cross-Sequential Study

Cross sectional groups are tested at two or more points in time

Longitude Study

Research in which people are restudied and retested over time

Algorithmic

A methodological rule or procedure that solves a problem

Prototype

Mental image of a category

Signal Detection Theory

Theory predicts how and in what circumstances detect a stimulus, no single threshhold

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Performance increases arousal until a certain point, until arousal decreases

Fundamental Attribution Error

Tendency to underestimate impact of situation and overestimate person’s predisposition