APUSH Periods 1 & 2

The Motives for exploration

Gold, God, Glory

Bering Land Bridge/Bering Strait

connected Asia and America, migrants crossed over for years till sea levels rose

The Three Sisters/Holy Trinity

Corn(maize), beans, and squash, grown by Natives, also grew potatoes

Age of Exploration years

1400s-1600s

Native groups like Incas, Aztecs, and Mayans

developed civilizations w/ large pops., infrastructures, & temples

Colombian Exchange

trade of goods and ideas from the old world to the new world

Conquistadors

a European(especially Spanish & Portuguese) conqueror of the Americas(Mostly Mexico & Peru) during 15th & 16th centuries

Treaty of Tordesillas

Catholic Church split the New World into two sides to keep Spain and Portugal from fighting over it

Capitalism

an social and economic system that created a more open system focused on manufacturing and trade

Christopher Columbus

‘found’ the New World in 1492 was funded by the Spanish, landed in the Caribbean

Encomienda System

granted land and coerced labor from Native Americans to Spanish settlers

Bartoleme De Las Casas(spaniard)

Fought for Natives Rights, part of the the reason encomienda system stopped

Chattel Slavery

A system where enslaved persons were considered property legally

Spanish Caste System

A social hierarchy system that included intermarriage

Intermarriage

Marrying between different races

Repartimiento System

Allowed Natives more freedom and enduring coerced labor more intermittently(with breaks)

Jamestown

1st permanent English settlement in N.America founded 1607 in Virginia, almost failed

Acts of Toleration

passed in Maryland, allowed freedom of worship for all Christians  there

Bacon’s Rebellion

Whites w/out land led by Nathaniel Bacon rebelled against Virginia’s Governor William Berkeley and the wealthy colonists  

Puritans

English Protestants wanted to reform Church of England by getting rid of the Catholic parts, not religiously tolerant

John Winthrop

Established the Boston colony(1630), gave speech about ‘city on a hill’

Roger Williams & Anne Hutchinson

Established Rhode Island after they got excommunicated from Massachusetts Bay Colony for challenging the Puritans

William Penn

Established Pennsylvania as a Quaker colony, most peaceful British colony with Natives, had the most religious toleration

Colonial Self Government

The colonists ran their colonies with little interruption from Britain 

Triangular Trade

Trade Between Europe, Africa, and America.

Middle Passage

the voyage to the New Wrld Enslaved Africans were forced to take

Navigation Acts

Restricted colonial trade to only on British ships and thru British ports, hard for Britain to enforce bcs of distance

Dominion of New England

(1686) created and ruled by Royal Governor Edmund Andros, short-lived attempt by colonial gov. to help Britain enforce the Navigation Acts

Salutary Neglect

British policy of loosely enforcing laws in the American colonies, allowed self-government in the colony, ended post-7 yrs war 

Pope’s Revolt(1680)

Pueblo revolt over Spanish, Pope created coalition of Pueblo Native American tribes got rid of Spaniards for 12 yrs, Spanish returned and ruled less harshly to avoid another uprising

Indentured Servitude

people signed a contract to work for a specific number of years, in exchange for passage to the Americas, and necessities 

How Bacon’s Rebellion led to the rise of chattel slavery in the colonies

Colonial leaders didn’t want revolts from whites, so they imported more slaves 

Royal African Company

English trading company, that controlled the slave trade, and slave prices decreased after they fell

1741 Conspiracy in New York

Fear after series of fires and the robbery of a shop, authorities suspected it was a plot by Enslaved ppl, those suspected went to trials, over 30 executed, and deportation of others

Domestic Slave Trade

Slave Codes

laws colonists enacted to maintain control over the Enslaved population, Massachusetts was 1st to pass a law recognizing enslavement

Made slavery status to be inherited

What precedent Virginia’s Slave Codes set

Stono Rebellion(1739)

largest slave uprising in the British colonies before the American Revolution, in South Carolina 

John Peter Zenger

got charged with libel in New York for publishing articles criticizing Governor William Cosby, set the precedent for freedom of the press

Libel

a published written false statement that damages a person’s reputation

Religious Fervor

intense, passionate, and enthusiastic to a particular faith or belief system

First Great Awakening

religious movement focused on sin and repentance, and led to splits in some denominations, support for separation of church and state, and led to creation of colleges to teach ministers

Jonathan Edward’s and George Whitefield

Ministers who are known for being leaders in the First Great Awakening

The Enlightenment

Intellectual movement, began in Europe, emphasized reason over superstition and science over faith

Anglicanization

To make more ‘English’ in form, style, or character, whether it's a foreign name, word, or a whole culture

Bicameral

a gov. that includes 2 legislative chambers(houses), Colonial governments.

Tension between France and Britain

King Williams War(1689-1697) and Queen Anne’s War(1702-1713)

America

exported raw materials & crops, imported Enslaved Africans, and Manufactured goods

Europe

exported manufactured goods, imported raw materials 

Africa

exported Enslaved Africans, imported rum

New World to Old World

corn, potatoes, chocolate, tomatoes, avocado, sweet potatoes

Old World to New World

horses, pigs, rice, wheat, grapes

1691

Massachusetts became a royal colony

Native Groups 

Matrilineal and Patriarchal Societies 

Europeans

Patriarchal and Christian Societies

Northwest Natives

lived in long houses, Hunted Fished collected nuts berries and roots, carved totem poles, isolated because of mountains

Great Basin & Plateau Natives

Hunted gathered fished farmed, abundant resources, lived in tipis, harvested food to last during winter, multiple ways of life

Southwest Natives

Dry, farmed(irrigation system), stone, lived in caves under cliffs and in multi-storied buildings

Great Plains Natives

Hunted Farmed Nomadic-Hunters(buffalo), lived in tipis, also sometimes permanently(sedentary) in lodges along rivers, farmed(maize, beans squash)

Eastern Woodlands Natives

Hunted Farmed, moved often, farmed 3 sister crops, lived in Long houses, rivers, used shells for wampum beads, lumber, Iroquois Confederation

Southeast Natives

Great farmers(beans, squash, maize, tobacco, sunflowers), gathered, hunted and fished, shells, had elaborate pottery and arrow points 

Feudalism

A social and economic system that created a closed system focused on land ownership

Roger Williams

a minister in Salem Bay(Mass.) settlement, taught that church and state should be separate.

Mercantilism

Economic system centered on maintaining a favorable balance of trade for the home country, with more gold and silver flowing into that country than flowed out. Seventeenth- and eighteenth- century British colonial policy was heavily shaped by mercantilism

Iroquois Confederacy

A group of allied American Indian nations that included the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and later the Tuscarora. The Confederacy was largely dissolved by the final decade of the 1700s

West Indies 

Islands in the Caribbean sea and North Atlantic Ocean

Fundamental Orders 

established a self-governing commonwealth based on popular sovereignty, where authority came from the people, not a king

Took away Mass. Bay Colony’s Royal Charter

Britain put into order after people smuggled because of the Navigation Acts

Result of Massachusetts Royal Charter being taken

The Dominion of New England

Joint-Stock Companies