Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
community
a group of organisms in an ecosystem
population
individual species inhabiting communities
organism
individual living things
emergent properties
arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases
prokaryotic cells
bacteria and archaea
eukaryotic cell
all other forms of cells that are not bacteria and archaea
genomics
a system biology approach to study full sets of genes
system biology
interactions with emergent properties
ecosystem
all living things in a particular area-living and nonliving
what are the four elements most abundance in the human body
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
matter
anything that takes up space and has mass
atom
smallest stable unit of matter
cations
positively charged ions
anions
negatively charged ions
ions
acquire an electrical charge by losing or gaining electrons
mass number
number of protons + number of neutrons
atomic number
number of protons
isotopes
an element have the same atomic number but different neutrons
radioactive isotopes
unstable isotopes where the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy
chemical bonds
formed when atoms interact & complete their valence shells
covalent bonds
formed when pairs of electrons are shared between the atoms
electronegativity
attraction of an atom for electrons
non polar covalent bonds
electrons are shared equally; there is no difference in electronegativity
polar covalent bonds
electrons are not shared equally because the atoms differ in electronegativity
ionic bond
attraction between a cation and an anion
molecule
two or more atoms held by covalent bonds
compound
two or more different elements combined in fixed ratio
ionic compound/salt
compound is formed by ionic bonds
acid
a substance that increase H+
base
a substance that decreases H+
pH
a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration
buffer
minimize the change in solution by either accepting excess H+ or donating H+
cohesive behavior
H-bonds hold water molecules together
surface tension
measures how difficult it is to stretch or break surface of liquid
moderation temperature
average kinetic E
high specific heat
amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of substance to change temperature by 1 C
high heat of vaporization
amount of heat liquid must absorb for 1 g be converted from liquid to gas
four bonds
how many bonds can carbon form
carbon skeleton variety
length, double bond position, branching, and presence of rings
nucleus
contains DNA
nucleolus
makes RNA, subunits of ribosomes, contains genetic info
nuclear envelope
has nuclear pores, inner/outer membrane; regulates transportation of molecules between nucleus & cytoplasm
nuclear lamina
net-like protein filaments, support envelope
ribosomes
protein synthesis; made in nucleolus
free ribosomes
suspended in cytosol; first step of sugar breakdown
bound ribosomes
attached to the ER; made proteins to destined to be inserted in the membrane
ER
biosynthetic factory → continuous with outer membrane envelope
ER structure
cisternae (sacs) and lumen (cavity)
smooth ER
no ribosomes, lipid synthesis, Ca2+ storage, metabolizes carbs, detox poisons/drugs
rough ER
ribosomes, make proteins, adds carbs, make phospholipids
golgi apparatus
warehouse of the cell; modify ER proteins, polysaccharide synthesis, sorting/packaging vesicles
golgi structure
flattened stacks of membranous sacs
mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell, cellular respiration
mitochondria structure
inner/outer membrane, cristae (folds in inner membrane, ATP synthesis), and matrix (inside gel; enzymes/mDNA/ribosomes)
lysosomes structure
membranous sacs with hydrolytic enzymes → made in RER; acidic on the inside
lysosomes
phagocytosis/autophagy (recycling of organic material)
peroxisomes
breaks down fatty acids
peroxisome oxidation
1. RH2 + O2 —> H2O2
2. H2O2 —> 2 H2O + O2
chloroplast
photosynthesis
chloroplast structure
inner/outer membrane, stroma (liquid on inside), thylakoid (chlorophyll)
cytoskeleton
network of fibers essential to cellular function/structure, organizes, support, and motility
motor proteins
interact for cell motility
microtubules
hollow tubes, 25 nm, a & b tubulin
microtubules function
cell shape, cell motility (motion of flagella and cilia), vesicle highways
intermediate filaments
coiled protein cables, 8-12 nm, protein vary (keratin)
intermediate filaments structure
cell shape, nuclear lamina, organelle positioning
microfilament
two intertwined protein strands, 7 nm, made of actin
microfilaments structure
muscle contraction → myosin, cytoplasmic streaming, cell crawling, animal cell division
ECM
adhesion, support, movement, regulation of the extracellular side of the cell; acts like the glue
components of ECM
collagen, fibronectin, proteoglycan complex, integrals, microfilaments
cell junction
tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions
tight junctions
prevent leakage between cells
desmosomes
fastens the cells together
gap junctions
cytoplasmic channel between adjacent cells
plasma membrane
selective boundary surrounding all cells; selectively permeable, acts a gatekeeper, creates different chemical environments
lipids
phospholipids, amphipathic, cholesterol → 4 fused rings structure
proteins
integral: span membrane
peripheral: loosely associated with membrane
variety of proteins function
transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to cytoskeleton, and ECM
carbohydrates
short, branched chains; extracellular (outside) side of membrane (glycoproteins and glycolipids)
passive transport
high to low, no E required, down concentration gradient
simple diffusion
molecules slip between phospholipids(CO2 & O2 )
facilitated diffusion
channel proteins (aquaporins, ions), carrier proteins (glucose, amino acids)
osmosis
low solute concentration to high solute concentration to drive the movement of water
hypotonic
lysed/turgid → solute outside is lower
isotonic
normal/flaccid → plant wilts
hypertonic
shriveled/plasmolyzed → solute outside is higher
active transport
low to high, E required, against concentration
sodium-potassium pump
3 sodium out, 2 potassium in
bulk transport
moving large molecules across membrane
exocytosis
cell secretes molecule by fusion of vesicle with pl.membrane → transport of protein
endocytosis
cells take in molecules & particulate matter by forming new vesicles from pl.membrane → phagocytosis, pinocytosis, RME (LDL cholesterol uptake)
metabolism
sum of orgnaism’s chemical reactions
metabolic pathways
specific molecules altered in series of defined steps resulting in certain products → each step catalyzed by enzyme
anabolism
biosynthetic pathways (monomers → polymers), consumes E, synthesis proteins from amino acids
catabolism
breakdown/degradative pathways (polymers → monomers), released E, cellular respiration
endergonic
energy required, non-spontaneous (uphill, higher in products)
exergonic
energy released, spontaneous (downhill, higher in reactant)
cells 3 main kinds of work
chemical work, transport work, mechanical work
ATP hydrolysis
ATP —> ATP Pi (exergonic reaction)
enzyme
catalyst that speeds up reaction, lower activation energy