APUSH Final Unit 8

Containment

Stalin installs commie govs across East EU, US gets atomic weapons and wants free-market globe

Truman Doctrine

$400M to Greece and Turkey, US starts containment

Marshall Plan

$12 B to help rebuild Western Europe to make strong economies, both anti-communist and pro-capitalism

Berlin Airlift

Stalin blockades West Berlin, Truman flies in supplies instead of starting war (resistance w/o direct combat)

NATO

peacetime military alliance, attack one attack all

collective security

Korean War

NK invades SK, Truman sends troops under UN coalition

MacArthur pushes north, China enters war, stalemate to avoid WWIII

Border ends up where it started

Cold War becomes global

Massive Retaliation (Eisenhower)

Any Soviet attack risks overwhelming nuclear response

Dulles

“New Look”: cut out traditional military defense spending and start using US military arsenal as defense mechanism

Mutually Assured Destruction

Both sides can destroy each other, so nuclear war is irrational

U-2 Incident

US spy plane shot down over USSR, embarrassing Eisenhower and derailing diplomacy

Bay of Pigs

Kennedy’s CIA backed invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro

Cuba becomes more aligned with the USSR

Berlin Wall

Kennedy, physical symbol of Cold War division

Cuban Missile Crisis

Soviet missiles placed in Cuba, Kennedy orders a naval “quarantine”, 6 days of brinkmanship

Soviets remove missiles

Detente

period of eased Cold War tensions through negotiation and limited cooperation, strategic adjustment, not friends

-Bc China and USSR become rivals & Nixon visits China

SALT I

Limits anti-ballistic missile systems and freezes some nuclear weapons

Why Red Scare was real

Soviets got atomic bomb

Fall of China to commies after Mao Zedong won revolution

Espionage that suggested spies in US

Alger Hiss case

state dep. official accused of being a Soviet spy, helped launch Nixon’s career

Rosenberg

convicted of passing atomic secrets to the Soviets, killed

Truman’s Loyalty Review Board

Required loyalty checks for federal employees, hundreds dismissed, Dem but still tough on communism

HUAC

congressional committee that investigated alleged communist influence in US society (federal agencies, labor unions, Hollywood)

Hollywood Ten

filmmakers refusing to answer HUAC questions on communism, studios made blacklist

McCarthyism

making accusations of disloyalty without strong evidence, used media, created fear

Army-McCarthy hearings

televised 1954 accusations against the US army, his influence collapsed

Why US economy exploded after 1945

US came out of WWI w/ factories intact, wartime production modernizing industry, and Americans had saved money during rationing

GI Bill

gave WWII veterans tuition, home loans, and unemployment benefits

increased consumer spending, homeownership, and long-term earning power

Blacks excluded

consumer boom

surge in household spending fueled by higher wages, savings, and easy credit (homes, appliances, cars, TV)

-Bc of credit cards, mass ads, and electronics

Economy shift

toward white-collar and service jobs

baby boom

led to increased demand for housing, schools

Suburbanization: moving from cities to suburbs

Levittown

used assembly-line methods to mass-produce affordable homes, driven by GI bill, rising incomes, cars

Interstate Highway Act

funded national system of high-speed highways

-accelerated suburban growth and increased car culture

Sun Belt

millions of Americans moved to the South and West bc of federal defenses there, air conditioning, and lower taxes

-more House seats, more electoral votes

Taft-Hartley Act

restricted unions and expanded employer and state powers against strikes, lower wages, less benefits

Truman’s Fair Deal

aimed at expanding New Deal-style social/economic programs

Kennedy’s New Frontier

stimulate economy and address poverty/inequality

TV

supercharged advertising, homogenous mass culture

-consumerism, conformity, trad social roles

Advertising and consumer culture

Prosperity, mass production, and advertising → conformity

The Feminine Mystique

Betty Friedan said “ideal” woman (support husband, be a wife and mother) isn’t satisfactory for women

led to second wave feminism: equality in work, edu, public

Rock and Roll

crossed racial boundaries by blending Black music with white country

Youth/Art

youth rejected materialism and artists challenged conformity

Jim Crow

state and local laws enforcing racial segregation and Black disenfranchisement in the South

-Black veterans returned mad, Cold War made US embarrassment on global stage

Truman and civil rights

first president to push it

“To Secure These Rights” called for anti-lynching, protection of voting, desegregation

Executive Order 9981 desegregated armed forces

NAACP and Marshall

challenge segregation in public education, targeted Plessy v Ferguson “separate but equal”

Brown v Board

Warren (lib) court ruled that segregated public schools violate 14th Amendment, said segregation harms children, overturned Plessy

Southern Manifesto

members of Congress denounced Brown, resisted desegregation, no actual social change

South Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

CR org led by King that coordinated church-based nonviolent campaigns

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

focused on direct action and nonviolent mass protests

Sputnik

first artificial satelitte launched by the Soviet Union, US scared they were falling behind technologically

Non-Aligned Movement

group of newly ind countries that avoided formal alignment with the US or USSR to avoid being pawns in war

Middle East importance

Oil and vulnerability to Soviet influence, US quickly recognized Israel

Eisenhower Doctrine

promised US military and economic aid to Middle Eastern countries resisting communism

Latin America policy

strong support for anti-commie regimes, even if bad

backed coups in Guatemala/Chile, used CIA to influence elections

Eisenhower Farewell Address

warned about military-industrial complex, concern about excessive military spending and corporate influence over foreign policy

US response to Sputnik

NASA, National Defense Edu Act to find STEM edu

Apollo moon landing symbolized tech victory

Vietnam sides

Ho Chi Minch led communist Viet Minh, Geneva Accords divided Vietnam into North and South (anti-commie/unpop)

Domino theory

if Vietnam fell to communism, Southeast Asia would follow

Vietnam Eisenhower & Kennedy

US sent money, weapons, military advisors

Kennedy sent more advisors than Eisenhower

US supported coup against him

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

let president take all necessary measures after reports of attacks on US ships (huge executive power)

Operation Rolling Thunder

US bombing campaigns against North Vietnam, troops climb levels, body counts as a measure of success, war turned into stalemate as US controlled cities and Vietcong in rural areas

Tet Offesive

surprise attacks by North Viet around South Vietnam, shock Americans and made credibility gap-less trust in gov

Johnson declined reelection, public trust dropped

Antiwar protests

college campuses, 1968 Democratic Convention, draft made war personal

My Lai massacre deepened antiwar movement

War Powers Act

law limiting how long presidents can deploy troops without congressional approval (executive power redefined)

Vietnamization

Nixon’s plan to reduce US troops by shifting fighting to South Vietnamese forces, continue intense bombing

Paris Peace Accords

US troops withdrawn, POWs returned, temporary ceasefire, 1975 Saigon fell and Vietnam communist

The Other America

exposed that 40M Americans lived in persistent poverty often in inner cities and minorities, TV made it visible

Great Society

LBJ used JFK grief and persuading skills to push poverty, rights, QOL legislation though Congress

War on Poverty

Johnson’s campaign to reduce poverty through federal programs and opportunity-building

poverty rates dropped 22%

Programs in Great Society

Job Corps, Vista (Peace Corps), Community Action, Head Start (preschools), legal aid to poor, Medicare, Medicaid

Civil Rights Act

banned discrimination in public accommodations and employment, strengthen school desegregation enforcement

Voting Rights Act

After Bloody Sunday, banned literary tests and enabled federal oversight of elections

Black voter registration surged

Education, culture, enviro, consumer under LBJ

Elementary and Secondary Edu Act, Higher Edu Act (scholarships), Nat Endowment for the Arts and Humanities, Clean Air/Water Act, consumer protection laws

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

ended national origins quota system, emphasized family reunification and skilled immigrants

immigration from Asia, Latin, Africa increased

Debates over Great Society

Vietnam drained political support, Conservatives argued programs too expensive

Greensboro sit-ins

challenge segregated lunch counters spread rapidly through student activism (SNCC forms here

Freedom Rides

test desegregation of interstate buses, violent backlash

March on Washington

demanded civil rights and jobs in nation’s capital, big federal pressure for legislation

Frustration w/ CR movement

slow economic progress, continued police brutality, persistent segregation outside South

Malcolm X (Nation of Islam)

Black nationalism, self-defense

Black Power Movement

Carmichael stressed racial pride, self-determination, and control of Black communities

Black Panther Party

armed self-defense, community programs, socialist ideas

Why young people turned against Vietnam and gov

draft directly threatened young men, graphic TV coverage, credibility gap when officials said war was over but Tet, growing casualties with unclear goals

New Left

diverging from traditional "Old Left" Marxism to focus on social issues like civil rights, feminism, gay rights, and anti-war activism

some thought Great Society was too cautious

Students for a Democratic Society

leading New Left student org that opposed Vietnam War and inequality

Post Huron Statement

SDS manifesto calling for a more democratic and moral society

counterculture

rejecting mainstream middle-class values and social norms

-stood against suburbs, career paths, gender roles, dress norms

silent majority

Nixon said a large segment of Americans who did not participate in protests, counterculture, or loud public discourse

suburban, blue-collar, and conservative voters, support him

Little Rock Nine

nine African American students who, in 1957, became the first to desegregate Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, defying intense racist opposition

Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring

warned pesticides were harming ecosystems and human health

helped turn pollution into a national issue by making chemical risks feel urgent and visible

Pollution

urban smog, oil spills, environmentalism became mainstream and moved to a federal responsibility

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

required federal gov to review enviro impacts before acting

Enviro Protection Agency

centralized enforcement of environmental laws, gave pollution control real enforcement power

Clean Air and Clean Water Act

regulated automobile emissions, national air quality standards

regulated discharge of pollutants into waterways

Endangered Species Act

protected threatened species and their habitats

Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Substances Control Act

addressed contamination in public water systems and reg chemical manufacturing

Superfund (CERCLA)

funded cleanup of hazardous waste sites, held polluters financially responsible

1973 Oil Embargo and 1979 Oil Shock

OPEC cut off oil to the US after it supported Israel in Yom Kippur War → oil prices quadrupled

Iranian rev disrupted oil production and exports

Energy Policy and Conservation Act

promoting energy conservation through fuel standards and emergency oil planning

CAFE standards and the Strategic Petroleum Reserve after the 1973 crisis.

Three Mile Island

nuclear accident in Pennsylvania that intensified fears about reactor safety, public opinion shifted

Conservative backlash against lib gov

1. school desegregation and busing in North led to white resistance

2. “Law and order” politics bc of rising crime rates and urban unrest

3. Abortion and Roe v Wade (legalized abortion, religious conservatives mad)

4. ERA pushed for gender equality but threatened trad fam roles

5. Taxpayer revolts: Cali Proposition 13 capped property taxes and shows anti-tax sentiment

6. Heritage Foundation: deregulation, tax cuts, strong anti-communist foreign policy

Political scandals = low trust in gov

1. Watergate: political scandal involving Nixon’s cover-up that led to his 1974 resignation.

2. Pentagon Papers: gov misled public on Vietnam (credibility gap)