lab exam

What is the most common studied prokaryote?

* Escherichia coli or E. coli
* shares characteristics such as DNA and mRNA with other organisms

Soil nematode studied?

Caenorhabditis elegan or C. elegans

What Fruit flu did we Study?

Drosophila melanogaster or. D. melanogaster

House mouse studied

Mus musculus or M. musculus

Mitosis

Division of somatic cells

Meiosis

Divison of germ cells

Why is planaria is used as a model organism?

Used for its ability to regenerate after injury and its stem cells.

Genotype

gene expression

Phenotype

Physical expression

Law of segregation

Two alleles segregate independently during gamete formation

Test cross

Crossing and unknown dominant individual with a known recessive individual to find the unknown dominant genotype

Law of independent assortment

* Two unlinked traits will separate independently of one another during gamete formation

Types of dominance relationships

Complete, incomplete, co-dominance

Complete dominance

One allele is completely dominant to another

Incomplete dominance

* One allele is not completely dominant to another
* ex. red pink white flowers

Codominance

* Alleles are codominant to one another
* pink+white spots flower

Drosophila sexing

* Females: larger, striped abdomen
* Males: Smaller, solid black thorax, sex combs on the abdomen

Development

* “attainment of a differentiated state”
* DNA (transcription) > RNA (translation) > protein

Maternal Effect Genes

* Maternal genes determine expression of the zygote

Immunostaining (ADD PIC)

* Animals are fixed (dead)
* Ag+Ab
* Locked in development state
* used for visualization
* Use staining Fluorescent proteins (green red yellow)

Transcription reporter

* The transcription reporter attached follows the gene
* animals are alive

Translation reporter

* animal alive
* proten (gene product)
* different tissue

Chi-squared

if its x2 value is greater than 0.05 the hypothesis is accepted

Sordaria genetics

Count to see if crossover is present

Sordaria table

open pic

Hardy-Weinberg assumptions

* Large population
* No migration
* No net mutations
* Random mating
* No natural selection

Causes of microevolution

* Genetic drift
* natural selection
* Gene flow
* Mutations

C. elegans

* used for development
* can be frozen
* used to visualize development
* categorized by larva stage