AP Euro Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution

Montesquieu

Anti-Absolutist, Branches of government with Checks and Balances

Wrote "Sprit of the Laws"

Volataire

Did not agree with social and religious institutes of France, believed in religious tolerance(France=Catholic), Enlightened Absolutism

Deism- God is like a clockmaker who set the world in motion, but does not interfere with the world. This challenged claims of Christianity, which believed in a God who does miracles(like the resurection) and interrfers in daily life

Wrote "Candide"

Diderot

Wrote the encyclopedia, first to define athiesim

Encyclopédie- aimed at compiling knowlage from various fields, promoted secular ideas

Salons and Coffeehouses

Social gatherings to talk about Enlightenment ideas

Salons=Rich Coffeehouses=Less wealthy

Locke

Believed in Natural Rights and Social Contract, Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Property given from the creator(God) (to men)

Tabula Rasa- (people born as)Blank Slate(s)

Rousseau

Believed in Natural Rights and Social Contract, People agree to give up some freedoms in exchange for protection of (mens)natural rights, but if gov is tranical the people have the responsibility of overthrowing it and establishing a new gov.

Wrote "The Social Contract"

Wollstonecraft

early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

A. Smith

Anti-Mercantilism, believed in a system of supply/demand by the people, laizze faire- Hands Off(Government )

Believed once the government stopped interfering in economics, the "invisible hand" would regulate

Wrote "Wealth of Nations"

Physiocrats

18th Cent. economic reformers who wanted to replace mercantilism with free-trade capitalism. Adam Smith was most important

Hume

skepticism- knowlage can only be through the 5 senses, so things like religion are not true knowlage.

Wrote "Inquiry into Human Nature"

wesley

Founded the Methodist church, which believed in personal experiance, challenged anglicanism

Zinzendorf

Moravian church leader who preached for personal experiance over rationalism, challenged Luther's/lutherans' rationalism

Bacon

developed the scientific method and inductive reasoning(observations or specific facts ==> broad generalizations)

Descartes

Inductive reasoning(general principles ==> specific conclusions), "I think therefore I am", rational approach to understanding the world over experience

Pascal

Pascal's Law(pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid)

human understanding is limited when compared to divine knowledge

Pascals Wager(potential rewards of believing in God outweigh the potential loss of not believing)

Hobbes

Wrote “Leviathan”(strong central authority to avoid the chaos of human nature), human nature was pessimistic, absolute monarchy is best, social contract

Harvey

Discovered the circulation of blood, challenged accepted ideas

Copernicus

Heliocentric theory(Earth revolves around sun), inspired others to research

Kelper

laws of planetary motion

-planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus

influenced by Brahe's precise astronomical observations

Brache

extensive astronomical observations of Mars and comets, inspired Kepler

Galileo

pioneering use of the telescope to observe celestial bodies, conflict with the Catholic Church, forced to recant his views

Gibbon

Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, connected to medieval ages

Beccaria

On Crimes and Punishments- abolishment of torture and other punishments

Galen

Greek physician and philosopher in the Roman Empire

humoral theory of medicine and anatomical observations

Paracelsus

Disproved Galen’s humoral theory in favor of chemical imbalance

If chemical imbalance was true, then chemical remedies could cure it

Vesalius

Dissected human bodies, disproved Galen’s theories