History: Unit 5--Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment

1. Groups involved in the Scientific Revolution

Mathematicians, astronomers, and philosophers

2. Inventions used before/during the Scientific Revolution

Telescope, microscopes, printing press

3. Ptolemaic view of the universe

this concept presented the earth as a fixed unmoving mass at the center of the universe

4. Andreas Vesalius

improves knowledge of anatomy

5. Edward Jenner

produces world's first vaccination--for smallpox

6. Geocentric

earth-centered

7. Newton's discoveries (ideas associated with discoveries + importance of discoveries)

Had a world-machine concept that dominated the modern worldview till 20th century. He created a new cosmology (study/concept of the universe), and gave a mechanical explanation of the universe. Theories had major political + spiritual ramifications.

8. Francis Bacon + inductive principles

a lawyer, believed that scientific investigation must be built on inductive principles.

9. China and the Scientific Revolution

it was the most technologically advanced society in the world. China valued order- live in harmony with nature. The best of China's civilization were drawn into its advanced civil service system.

10. Beginning of the Scientific Revolution

began with Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) who claimed a heliocentric universe.

11. Scientific Revolution definition

historical changes in thought & belief, changes in social & institutional organization that unfolded in Europe between roughly 1550-1700.

12. Scientific Revolution (how it introduced new ways of thinking)

new way of viewing natural world---based on observation, inquiry.

13. Newton's Principia

He defined the 3 laws of motion (concept of gravity).

14. Galileo

First to make systematic observations of space, and made theories public in The Starry Messenger (1610). The Catholic Church ordered him to abandon his ideas. The heavens are now a world of matter; not spiritual.

15. Words/ideas that defined the Enlightenment

Reason, natural law, hope, progress.

16. Inductive method of inquiry

a scientist should go from particular to general.

17. Kepler

German mathematician and astronomer who added to Copernican theory. Realized that the orbits of the planets were not circles but were called ellipses.

18. impact of the Scientific Revolution (choose 2 tat are not)

S.R. did not begin in a flash, did not immediately change the world, it was not a single change, and S.R. Sought to break free from traditional beliefs. Changed ideas of religion and God and man.

19. Scientific method + Bacon & Descartes

helped create the scientific method.

20. What did the intellectuals of the Enlightenment advocate

Believed their role was to change the world. Supported religious tolerance, freedom of speech, freedom of the press.

21. Groups from which the philosophes came

nobility & urban middle-class

22. John Locke

Had a more positive view of human nature = a positive environment will create positive results. Wrote Two Treaties of Civil Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration.

23. Sources of knowledge in the Middle Ages

Bible, Greek/Roman sources. Supports geocentric theory.

24. Philosophes definition

intellectual of the enlightenment- they were professors, journalist, economist, political scientists, and social reformers.

25. Montesquieu

a separation of political powers ensured freedom and liberty. Praised the concept of checks and balances.

26. Adam Smith = laissez-faire + the 3 roles Adam Smith believed the government had

laissez-faire is French for "let people do as they choose". Wrote The Wealth of Nations. 3 roles-- protect society, defend citizens from injustice, public works that people could not afford.

27. Madame Geoffrin

one of the most important Salonnieres.

28. Cosmology

a new concept of man, his existence on earth, and the place of the earth in the universe.

29. Purpose of the separation of political powers

ensured freedom and liberty.

30. Characteristics of the Enlightenment

Rationalism (reason), Secularism (science over religion), Freedom of thought and expression, cosmology, optimism, and education of the masses.

31. Natural rights

these are rights that are endowed by God to all human beings--life, liberty/freedom, property.

32. Cesare Beccaria

his ideas influenced laws and law reformers in Europe and North America.

33. Enlightened Despot

dictator; absolute ruler who uses his/her power to bring political and social change, tended to allow religious tolerance, freedom of speech/press, and the right to hold private property – no parliament.

34. The Salon

18th century= the salon emerged as an important social meeting place. It was a dinner party hosted by women--need invite. For women to talk and debate.

35. Deism

the belief in the existence of a God for supreme being, but a denial of revealed religion – God uninvolved in daily life.

36. Issues supported by philosophes

religious tolerance, freedom of speech, freedom of the press.

37. Center of Enlightenment

France, and Paris was the capital.

38. Voltaire

greatest figure of the enlightenment, supported deism, and is known for his criticism of traditional religion and his philosophy of religious tolerance.

39. Diderot

most famous contribution to the enlightenment was the encyclopedia.

40. Mary Wollstonecraft (writer)

the strongest statement for the rights of women was advanced by her, who wrote Vindication of the Rights of Women. "If women have reason, then they too are entitled to the same rights as men.

41. Type of culture

high culture = culture of ruling class. Popular culture = written and unwritten culture of the masses.

42. Rococo

rejected strict geometrical patterns and had a fondness for curves. Depicted the world of upper class joy and pleasure, but also the fragility and transitory nature of pleasure, love, and life.

43. Composers of the "classical" style

Haydn & Mozart, second half of the 18th century.

44. Haydn

Austrian composer--epitomizes the aims and achievements of the classical era.

45. composers of the Baroque style/period

Handel and Bach.

46. Bach

German composer and organist, one of the greatest and most influential composers of the western world, but his works were soon forgotten after death.

47. Handel

born in Germany and was one of the greatest European composers during the baroque period of the 18th century.

48. Enlightenment def

the 17th century became skeptical about religion, and had increasing secularization of thought. The intellectuals of the enlightenment used the scientific method to progress towards a better society.

49. Consequences of the scientific revolution (choose 1 that is not)

scientific community emerges, modern scientific method arises--> theoretical & experimental, scientific revolution had little effect on daily life 1700s, and increased confidence in the intellect of western Europeans.

50. Beliefs of the Enlightenment Movement

all systems of thought were rational, scientific way of thinking.

51. Three types of government (choose 1 that's not)

monarchy = middle sized states, republic = for small states, despotism = for larger states

52. Geocentric theory

concept of universe presented earth in the center, spheres that surrounded the earth were transparent substances that moved in circular orbits, beyond the 10th sphere was the Empyrean Heaven.