Unit 2 (Religious Wars)

FIVE characteristics of Baroque Art

1. intense emotion and movement

2. religious and political themes

3. elaborate detail and ornamentation to overawe

4. contrast of light and dark

5. vivid realism

Council of Trent

1. reaffirmed Catholic Doctrine

2. reformed clerical abuses

Name THREE Baroque artists

1. Caravaggio

2. Artemesia Gentileschi

3. Gianlorenzo Bernini

Name FIVE characteristics of the Counter Reformation

1. Began with the Council of Trent which had been delayed by Renaissance Popes

2. Reaffirmed Catholic doctrine rejecting Protestant beliefs but reformed abuses

3. Creation of new religious orders like the Jesuits

4. use of Baroque art and architecture to reinforce Catholic devotion

5. Attempt to censor Protestant ideas thru the Index of Forbidden Books

Index of Forbidden Books

list created by Catholic Church of books deemed heretical or morally dangerous, aiming to prevent the spread of Protestant ideas and maintain religious orthodoxy.

FOUR characteristics of the Jesuits

1. Founded by Ignatius of Loyola during the Counter Reformation

2. use of education to win over converts

3. focus on missionary work

4. emphasize discipline and obedience to the Pope

Conciliarism

late medieval reform movement that argued church councils held authority over the pope which caused many Renaissance popes to delay calling a Church Council

Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis (1559)

it ended the Italian Wars between France and the Habsburgs, confirming Habsburg dominance in Italy

Henry II

French king's death from a jousting accident led to 3 decades of weak French kings

Huguenot

French Calvinists often persecuted by Catholics, and central to the French Wars of Religion.

Catherine de Medici

Queen mother of France who tried to balance power between Catholics and Huguenots, sometimes using political marriages and intrigue to maintain royal authority.

politique

Moderate leaders who prioritized political stability over religious differences, often advocating tolerance to prevent civil war.

Provide THREE leaders who were politiques

1. Elizabeth I of England

2. Catherine de Medici of France

3. Henry IV of France

Massacre of Vassy (1562)

1562 event in which Catholic forces attacked Huguenot worshippers, sparking the French Wars of Religion.

Henry of Navarre (IV)

Protestant leader who became King of France founding the Bourbon dynasty after converting to Catholicism, ended the French Religious Wars after issuing the Edict of Nantes which granted religious tolerance to Huguenots, and strengthened royal authority unifying France before his assassination.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572)

1572 massacre in Paris where thousands of Huguenots were killed, orchestrated by Catholic forces, the king, and Catherine, which reignited the religious conflict and discredited the Valois (royal family).

"Paris is well worth a Mass"

Statement attributed to Henry IV of France when he converted to Catholicism to secure the French crown and unify the country.

Edict of Nantes (1598)

1. issued by Henry IV to end the French Religious Wars

2. granted religious toleration to Huguenots

3. gave Huguenots right to certain fortify cities

Duc of Sully

Henri IV's chief minister who reformed France's finances, promoted infrastructure believing the peasants were the backbone of the French economy, supported trade, and strengthened royal authority.

Philip II

Leader of the Spanish Habsburg branch who defended Catholicism, defeated the Ottomans in the Mediterranean, expanded Spanish influence in Europe, fought Protestant rebels in the Netherlands, and launched the Spanish Armada against England.

Lepanto (1571)

1571 naval battle in which a Holy League fleet led by Spain defeated the Ottoman navy, halting Ottoman expansion in the Mediterranean and bolstering Catholic Europe.

THREE reasons for Dutch Revolt

1. High taxation

2. Religious intolerance

3. Centralization efforts by Philip

Dutch Netherlands

broke free from Spanish Habsburg Empire and formed new state which emphasized trade and religious tolerance

Spanish Netherlands

southern Netherlands which remained under control of Spanish Habsburgs (modern Belgium and Luxemburg)

death of Mary, Queen of Scots (Mary Stuart)

Execution after implicated in plots to assassinate Elizabeth and restore Catholicism in England which then led to Philip to send Armada

Spanish Armada (1588)

In 1588, Philip II sent a massive fleet to invade England and overthrow Elizabeth, but the Armada was defeated by English naval forces and storms saving Protestant England and the Dutch Revolt.

Defenestration of Prague (1618)

In 1618, Protestant nobles in Bohemia threw Catholic officials out of a castle window in Prague in protest to the slashing of religious liberties by the Holy Roman Emperor and sparked the Thirty Years' War

THREE Causes of Thirty Years' War

1. Religious Conflict – Tensions between Protestant and Catholic states in the HRE, aggravated by the lack of Calvinism's inclusion of the Peace of Augsburg

2. Political Fragmentation – The Holy Roman Empire was divided into hundreds of semi-independent states with competing rulers.

3. Dynastic Ambitions – Habsburgs sought to consolidate power, while rival states like Sweden and France resisted centralization.

FOUR phases of Thirty Years' War

1. Bohemian Phase

2. Danish Phase

3. Swedish Phase

4. French (International) Phase

Gustavus Adolphus II

Swedish king who became one of the great generals of the 16oos leading Protestant forces in the Thirty Years' War, introduced innovative military tactics and mobile artillery, and helped turn the tide against the Catholic Habsburgs before dying in battle

military revolution

Period of major changes in European warfare, including 1. larger standing armies, 2. new fortifications, 3. better gunpowder weapons, and 4. advanced tactics, which increased the scale, cost, and destructiveness of wars and strengthened state power leading toward absolutism

SIX major results from Peace of Westphalia

1. End of Large-Scale Religious Wars in Europe as religion became more of a personal matter

2. Some territory was exchanged but the big winners were France which became the strongest power in Europe, Sweden which became strongest in northern Europe, and Brandenburg-Prussia which began to militarize

3. Weakened the Holy Roman Emperor - German princes gained greater autonomy within the empire while the HRE became a figurehead

4. Austrian Habsburgs turned eastward for expansion

5. Signaled beginning of decline of Spanish Habsburgs

6. German lands devasted

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister to Louis XIII who strengthened the power of the French monarch at the expense of the nobles and reduced the power of the Habsburgs by entering the Thirty Years' War

Austrian Habsburgs

30 Years' War effects on Brandenburg-Prussia

Devasted during the 30YW but emerged with a new policy of militarization that would fuel its rise to power later

FOUR Reasons for Decline of Spanish Habsburgs

1. Costly wars

2. Weak rulers

3. Destruction of middle class due to intolerance

4. Inflation and lack of investment

FOUR family patterns of early modern Europe

1. delayed marriages until financial independence

2. nuclear family was the norm

3. husbands and wives similar in age

4. a large minority of people never married

reasons for witchcraft craze

1. printing press spread news of witches

2. turmoil and anxiety from Reformation and Religious Wars

reasons for decline of witchcraft craze

1. evolution of modern court system which emphasized evidence and included defamation suits

2. rise of more centralized states that prevented vigilante justice

3. effects from the Scientific Revolution such as the scientific method

Carnival

A pre-Lenten celebration in Catholic Europe featuring feasting, parades, masks, and public entertainment, allowing people to indulge before the period of fasting and penitence during Lent.

cottage system

A pre-industrial method of textile production in Europe where rural families spun and wove cloth at home, selling finished products to merchants.

proto-industrialization

Economic phase in 17th-18th century Europe where rural households engaged in manufacturing goods for market, increasing production, trade, and social mobility.