CJ Test

Visible crime

Categories of crime that are apparent and observable.

Categories of visible crime

Three main categories: violent, property, and public order.

Violent crime

Crimes involving force or threat of force.

First-degree murder

Premeditated and intentional killing.

Second-degree murder

Unplanned killing with reckless disregard for life.

Voluntary manslaughter

Intentional killing in the heat of passion.

Robbery

Theft involving force or threat of force.

Burglary

Unlawful entry to commit theft or felony.

Difference between robbery and burglary

Robbery involves force; burglary does not.

Aggravated assault

Unlawful attack intended to cause serious bodily harm.

Larceny-theft

Unlawful taking of property without force or fraud.

Actus reus

The physical act of committing a crime.

Mens rea

The mental state or intent of the offender.

Strict liability

Liability without needing to prove intent.

Direct evidence

Evidence that directly proves a fact, like a video.

Circumstantial evidence

Evidence requiring inference to connect to guilt.

Technical violation of probation

Violating probation rules like curfew or drug use.

Ways probation can end

Completion or revocation.

Restitution

Payment or service to a victim by the offender.

Intermediate sanctions

Offer punishment between probation and prison.

Home confinement

Sentence requiring the offender to stay home.

Classical Criminology

Crime is a rational choice based on cost-benefit.

Deterrence in Classical theory

Discourages crime by making punishments known and severe.

General deterrence

Preventing crime by showing others what happens when you offend.

Specific deterrence

Discouraging the same person from reoffending.

Differential Association theory

Crime is learned through social interaction.

Aggressive behavior gene

MAOA gene linked to aggressive behavior.

The 'warrior gene'

Low-activity form of the MAOA gene linked to aggression.

Blind justice

Law applies equally to all people.

Elements of deterrence theory

Swiftness, certainty, and severity.

Psychoanalytic theory founder

Sigmund Freud.

Id according to Freud

The primitive, pleasure-seeking part of the personality.

Superego according to Freud

The internal moral compass.

Function of the ego

Mediates between id and superego.

Psychopathy

Personality disorder marked by lack of remorse and empathy.

Psychopathy Checklist developer

Robert Hare.

Traits of a psychopathic personality

Manipulation, superficial charm, lack of empathy.

MMPI-2 use

To assess personality traits and psychopathology.

Dark Triad traits

Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and Psychopathy.

Machiavellian traits

Deception, manipulation, self-interest.

Frankpledge system

Group-based law enforcement system in medieval England.

Father of modern policing

Sir Robert Peel.

Political Era of policing

Strong ties to local politicians and corruption.

Professional Era goal

Efficiency and removing politics from policing.

Community Policing Era

Focusing on public service and partnerships with citizens.

Secret Service functions

Protects national leaders and investigates counterfeiting.

U.S. Marshals Service roles

Handles fugitives, court security, and prisoner transport.

Federal prison levels basis

Security needs of inmates and facilities.

Day reporting center

A place where offenders check in daily as part of sentencing.

Goal of community corrections

To reintegrate offenders using the least restrictive methods.