CJ Test

Visible Crime & Legal Concepts

1. What are the three main categories of visible crime?
   A. White-collar, cyber, and blue-collar
   B. Violent, property, and public order
   C. Domestic, international, and state
   D. Theft, assault, and battery

2. What makes a crime “violent” under the Uniform Crime Report?
   A. Any crime with a financial motive
   B. Crimes involving force or threat of force
   C. Crimes involving public officials
   D. Crimes committed against property

3. What is the legal definition of first-degree murder?
   A. Killing by accident while intoxicated
   B. Premeditated and intentional killing
   C. Killing in self-defense
   D. Killing without the use of a weapon

4. How does second-degree murder differ from first-degree?
   A. It is unplanned but involves reckless disregard for life
   B. It involves less serious victims
   C. It is accidental but tragic
   D. It is planned but not violent

5. What is voluntary manslaughter?
   A. Killing for financial gain
   B. Intentional killing in the heat of passion
   C. Killing with premeditation
   D. Killing with no emotional involvement

6. How is robbery legally defined?
   A. Theft involving force or threat of force
   B. Theft from an unoccupied place
   C. Theft using deception
   D. Theft of a motor vehicle

7. What is the difference between robbery and burglary?
   A. Robbery is a civil offense
   B. Burglary involves violence
   C. Robbery involves force; burglary does not
   D. Burglary is always done in the daytime

8. What qualifies as aggravated assault?
   A. Any verbal threat
   B. Unlawful attack intended to cause serious bodily harm
   C. Graffiti or property destruction
   D. Petty theft involving minors

9. What is the definition of burglary?
   A. Taking property through fraud
   B. Threatening someone for property
   C. Unlawful entry to commit theft or felony
   D. Destruction of property during theft

10. What is larceny-theft?
    A. Theft involving personal injury
    B. Taking by intimidation
    C. Unlawful taking of property without force or fraud
    D. Destruction of property after theft

🔐 Criminal Law & Evidence

11. What is actus reus in criminal law?
    A. The physical act of committing a crime
    B. The intention behind a crime
    C. The justification for the crime
    D. The result of a trial

12. What does mens rea refer to?
    A. The victim's intent
    B. The mental state or intent of the offender
    C. The use of a weapon
    D. The final outcome of the crime

13. What is strict liability in criminal law?
    A. Liability without needing to prove intent
    B. Crimes that only involve juveniles
    C. Crimes punishable by fines only
    D. Liability based on negligence

14. What is direct evidence?
    A. Hearsay from a witness
    B. Evidence that directly proves a fact, like a video
    C. Circumstantial indicators
    D. A jury’s assumption

15. What is circumstantial evidence?
    A. Evidence from another country
    B. Testimony from a detective
    C. Evidence requiring inference to connect to guilt
    D. Confession under duress

16. What is a technical violation of probation?
    A. Committing another crime
    B. Violating probation rules like curfew or drug use
    C. Suing your probation officer
    D. Appealing your conviction

17. What are the two main ways probation can end?
    A. Marriage or employment
    B. Escape or death
    C. Completion or revocation
    D. Parole or execution

18. What is restitution in the criminal justice system?
    A. Time served in prison
    B. Transfer to a halfway house
    C. Payment or service to a victim by the offender
    D. Fine paid to the government

19. What is the purpose of intermediate sanctions?
    A. Replace all forms of incarceration
    B. Provide housing for police
    C. Offer punishment between probation and prison
    D. Reduce court involvement

20. What is home confinement?
    A. Court-ordered therapy
    B. Sentence requiring the offender to stay home
    C. Overnight jail visits
    D. Visiting family after prison

🧠 Criminological Theories

21. What is the main idea behind Classical Criminology?
    A. Crime is a rational choice based on cost-benefit
    B. Crime is genetic and unavoidable
    C. Crime is caused by broken families
    D. Crime is only committed by the poor

22. What role does deterrence play in Classical theory?
    A. Prevents crime through religion
    B. Discourages crime by making punishments known and severe
    C. Focuses on moral education
    D. Encourages rehabilitation

23. What is general deterrence?
    A. Targeting specific repeat offenders
    B. Preventing crime by showing others what happens when you offend
    C. Lowering prison populations
    D. Deterring drug use only

24. What is specific deterrence?
    A. Discouraging the same person from reoffending
    B. Punishing the public
    C. Threatening foreign criminals
    D. Banning certain media

25. Who developed the theory of Differential Association?
    A. Sigmund Freud
    B. Edwin Sutherland
    C. Cesare Lombroso
    D. Robert Hare

26. What does Differential Association Theory claim?
    A. Crime is genetic
    B. Criminals are born evil
    C. Crime is learned through social interaction
    D. Crime is caused by brain damage

27. What gene is linked to aggressive behavior?
    A. DNA-X
    B. MAOA gene
    C. CSI gene
    D. Cortisol

28. What is the “warrior gene”?
    A. A myth in criminology
    B. A low-activity form of the MAOA gene linked to aggression
    C. Gene that causes theft
    D. A term used in military court

29. What is the goal of “blind justice”?
    A. Law applies equally to all people
    B. Judges decide secretly
    C. Crimes are punished by age
    D. Punishments based on income

30. What are the three elements of deterrence theory?
    A. Hope, fear, and opportunity
    B. Certainty, confusion, and cost
    C. Swiftness, certainty, and severity
    D. Length, weight, and intent

🧠 Psychological Theories

31. Who developed psychoanalytic theory?
    A. Cesare Beccaria
    B. Robert Peel
    C. Sigmund Freud
    D. Edwin Sutherland

32. What is the id according to Freud?
    A. The primitive, pleasure-seeking part of the personality
    B. The rational part
    C. The moral conscience
    D. The learned behavior

33. What is the superego according to Freud?
    A. The aggressive part
    B. The internal moral compass
    C. The social side
    D. The logic center

34. What is the function of the ego?
    A. Controls behavior with emotion
    B. Mediates between id and superego
    C. Initiates violence
    D. Controls speech

35. What is psychopathy?
    A. Extreme empathy
    B. Legal insanity
    C. A personality disorder marked by lack of remorse and empathy
    D. A temporary mental illness

36. Who developed the Psychopathy Checklist?
    A. Robert Hare
    B. Sigmund Freud
    C. Cesare Lombroso
    D. James Q. Wilson

37. What are common traits of a psychopathic personality?
    A. Manipulation, superficial charm, lack of empathy
    B. Anxiety and guilt
    C. Strict moral codes
    D. Introversion and isolation

38. What is the MMPI-2 used to assess?
    A. Personality traits and psychopathology
    B. Cognitive intelligence
    C. Criminal charges
    D. Political beliefs

39. What traits make up the “Dark Triad”?
    A. Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and Psychopathy
    B. Lying, cheating, and stealing
    C. Sadism, addiction, and impulsivity
    D. Fear, rage, and jealousy

40. What defines Machiavellian traits?
    A. Deception, manipulation, self-interest
    B. Aggression and violence
    C. Empathy and guilt
    D. Creativity and leadership

🚓 Policing & Systems

41. What was the frankpledge system?
    A. A group-based law enforcement system in medieval England
    B. A national police force
    C. A court of appeals
    D. A prison system

42. Who is considered the father of modern policing?
    A. Robert Hare
    B. Edwin Sutherland
    C. Sir Robert Peel
    D. Sigmund Freud

43. What defined the Political Era of policing?
    A. Strong ties to local politicians and corruption
    B. Focus on rehabilitation
    C. Independent federal forces
    D. Use of drones and technology

44. What was the goal of the Professional Era of policing?
    A. Efficiency and removing politics from policing
    B. Increasing community outreach
    C. Expanding surveillance
    D. Creating secret courts

45. What defines the Community Policing Era?
    A. Reducing all laws
    B. Focusing on public service and partnerships with citizens
    C. Militarizing the police
    D. Eliminating arrests

46. What agency protects national leaders and investigates counterfeiting?
    A. FBI
    B. TSA
    C. Secret Service
    D. CBP

47. What does the U.S. Marshals Service do?
    A. Handles fugitives, court security, and prisoner transport
    B. Investigates terrorism
    C. Manages prisons
    D. Protects the environment

48. What are federal prison levels based on?
    A. Race and gender
    B. Security needs of inmates and facilities
    C. Political affiliation
    D. State funding

49. What is a day reporting center?
    A. A place where offenders check in daily as part of sentencing
    B. A parole board office
    C. A temporary prison
    D. A job training agency

50. What is the goal of community corrections?
    A. To reintegrate offenders using the least restrictive methods
    B. To isolate repeat offenders
    C. To reduce police budgets
    D. To enforce federal law in rural areas