Studied by 1 person
social psychology
the study of how groups and cultures shape perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors
dispositional attributions
person’s actions are due to personality, not situation
situational attributions
person’s actions are due to external circumstances, not their personality
actor-observer bias
tendency to attribute our own behavior to situational causes and the behavior of others to personal causes
fundamental attribution error
people tend to overestimate the extent to which others’ actions are due to underlying dispositions/traits and underestimate the “power of the situation”
self-serving bias
we are more likely to attribute successes to personal, stable factors and failures to situational factors
just-world hypothesis
people get what they deserve
attitudes
learned predispositions to respond in a favorable or unfavorable way to a specific person, object, or event
mere exposure effect
we unconsciously adopt the beliefs of our parents, friends, and significant others
relative deprivation
a feeling of dissatisfaction experienced when individuals compare themselves to others and perceive that they are worse off
prejudice
an unjustified negative attitude an indivudla has for another based solely on that person’s different racial or ethnic group
discrimination
when prejudiced attitudes result in unjustified behaviors toward members of that group
normative social influence
conformation to avoid rejection or to gain social approval
informational social influence
to accept others’ opinions about reality
central route of persuasion
using facts, figures, and other information to enable the listener to process info and think about opinions
peripheral route of persuasion
superficial information is used to distract and win favorable appeal and increase sales
halo effect
cognitive bias where a positive impression leads to positive evaluations in other areas, influencing overall judgements
foot in the door phenomenon
tendency to comply with a large request if we have previously complied with a smaller one
door in the face technique
large unreasonable request that is likely to be rejected is followed by a smaller, more reasonable request
norms
implicit or explicit rules that apply to all members of a group and govern acceptable behavior and attitudes
conformity
the adaptation of attitudes and behaviors shared by a group of people
deindividuation
loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in situations that promote high arousal and anonymity in groups
prosocial deindividuation
type of deindividuation intended to benefit others
antisocial deindividuation
type of deindividuation intended to injure others or deprive them of their rights
nonnormative deindividuation
type of deindividuation that clearly violates social norms, but does not directly help or harm others
bystander intervention
the active involvement of a perosn in a situation that appears to require their aid
social reciprocity norm
social rule that maintains that people will return favors and other kindnesses
social exchange theory
people form relationships through cost-benefit analysis. people will choose the option with the highest reward and lowest cost
social facilitation
when people perform better on tasks when others are present
social interference
when people perform worse on tasks when others are present
social loafing
when people put in less effort when working in a group than when working alone
group polarization
decisions made by like-minded people are often more extreme than those made by single individuals
groupthink
when a desire for group harmony results in self-censorship
false consensus effect
people overestimate the extent to which people agree with them
contact theory
conflict is the result of competition among groups for resources. equal status contact should lower tension and increase harmony
aggression
the act of delivering an aversive stimulus to an unwilling victim
instrumental aggression
done for the satisfaction of some goal or benefit
hostile aggression
when a person feels pain, anger, or frustration and tries to strike out against the cause
social trap
situation where conflicting parties, by rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
