Unit 6 AP European History Key Terms

Industrial Revolution

18th century transition from simple hand and water powered tools used in a home setting to complex steam powered factories, employing wage laborers in an urban setting

The Crystal Palace Exhibit

An exhibition hall built specifically for the Great Exhibition in 1851 London. Showcasing England's technological advancements during the Industrial Revolution, built entirely out of steel and glass.

Friedrich List

German writer who advocated a rapid and large-scale program of industrialization as the surest path to develop a nation's strength. Felt that a nation must use protective tariffs to assure that path to industrialization.

Bessemer Process

The process of producing steel by blowing air through molten pig iron and removing impurities. Created by Henry Bessemer. Buildings lasted longer and were not as expensive to build. Cut the cost of steel by 2/3.

Factory Act of 1833

Movement in Great Britain that outlawed the employment of children under the age of nine in textile mills; also limited the work days for those aged nine to thirteen to nine hours a day, and teenagers to twelve hours a day

Mines Act of 1842

A law that prohibited all underground work for women, and children under the age of ten.

Ten Hours Act of 1847

United Kingdom Act of Parliament which restricted the working hours of women and young persons (13-18) in textile mills to 10 hours per day.

Spinning Jenny

A multi-spindle frame, and was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution. It was invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves in England.

Steam Engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen and Thomas Savery built the first one, but they were inefficient. James Watt vastly improved this invention.

David Ricardo

Proponent of the iron law of wages is a proposed law of economics that asserts that real wages always tend, in the long run, toward the minimum wage necessary to sustain the life of the worker.

Luddites

a member of any of the bands of English workers who destroyed machinery, especially in cotton and woolen mills, that they believed was threatening their jobs (1811–16).

Second Industrial Revolution

This term refers to the second wave of the late 18th century industrial movement which was generally focused in the United States and Germany. This second wave, with the movement from domestic systems of production to factory systems, involved heavy industry and innovations such as mass production.

Jeremy Bentham

British theorist and philosopher who proposed utilitarianism, the principle that governments should operate on the basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number.

Louis Pasteur

French chemist and biologist whose discovery that fermentation is caused by microorganisms resulted in the process of pasteurization.

Laissez-Faire

An economic policy that emerged during the late 18th century that focuses on the belief that the state should not interrupt the natural economic forces, especially supply and demand.

Socialism

An ideology that emerged during the first half of the nineteenth century that focuses on the introduction of equality into social conditions and the belief that human cooperation was superior to the competition that characterized early industrial capitalism.

Utopian Socialists

Opponents of private property and the competitive spirit of the early industrial capitalism and believed that humanity could be improved by eliminating these capitalist ideas and creating new systems of social organization.

Reform Act of 1832

A bill passed by the British Parliament in 1832 that lowered the restrictions on the qualifications to vote and disenfranchised the rotten boroughs, doubling the number of people that could vote. Although this bill didn’t grant total representation, it marks a milestone in the progression of liberal ideas in Europe.

Irish Potato Famine

was a period of starvation and disease lasting from 1845 to 1852 that constituted a historical social crisis and subsequently had a major impact on the country’s society and history as a whole

Zollverien

German Customs Union, was a coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies

within their territories and formally started on 1 January 1834.

Anti-corn law league

a successful political movement in Great Britain aimed at the abolition of the unpopular laws, which protected landowners’ interests by levying taxes on imported wheat, thus raising the price of bread at a time when

factory-owners were trying to cut wages

Flora Tristan

a French-Peruvian writer and socialist activist. She made important contributions to early feminist theory,

and argued that the progress of women's rights was directly related with the progress of the working class.

Chartists

a working class movement which emerged in 1836 in London. It expanded rapidly across the country and was most active between 1838 and 1848. Its aim was to gain political rights and influence for the working classes.The

movement got its name from the People’s Charter.

Labor Party

was founded in Britain in response to the perceived failure of the Liberal Party to address the concerns of the working class. It sought to provide a political voice for workers and the broader labor movement, including calls for better working conditions, universal suffrage, and a reduction in the power of the aristocracy.

Social Democratic Party

founded in 1875 in Germany, was the first major socialist party. It emphasized social democracy, democratic socialism, and progressive policies, including a strong social welfare state, workers' rights, and equality. The party was formed through the merger of several Marxist and labor parties and sought to advance the interests of the

working class through political means.

Nationalism

A political, social, and economic ideology and movement characterized by the promotion of the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining sovereignty over the homeland.

Liberalism

An ideology that emerged during the French Revolution, liberalism centered around the protection of civil

liberties and the basic rights of all people, religious toleration for all, the right of peaceful opposition to the government, and the creation of representative governments.

Revolutions of 1848

A series of liberal and nationalist revolts against many European monarchies seeking to gain greater rights, representation, and working conditions. The rebellions all ended in failure and repression, and were followed by

widespread disillusionment among liberals.

Romanticism

A movement in literature, art, and music during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated

nature rather than civilization. Key characteristics were sentiment, individualism, the Middle Ages, and attraction to the

bizarre.

Reform Act of 1832

A bill passed by the British Parliament in 1832 that lowered the restrictions on the qualifications to vote and disenfranchised the rotten boroughs, doubling the number of people that could vote. Although this bill didn’t

grant total representation, it marks a milestone in the progression of liberal ideas in Europe.

J.M.W. Turner

A prominent English romantic artists whose works mainly addressed the encroachment of industrialization upon nature. His work utilized a interplay of light and color to suggest natural effects and is considered one of the first impressionist printers.

Ludwig Van Beethoven

A prominent German musician, his works embodied romantic ideas and elements by using uncontrolled rhythms to create dramatic struggle and uplifted resolutions that arouse fear, horror, and the longing for the eternal.