APEH Unit 6 Vocab

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid industrial growth and technological advancement that began in the late 18th century, characterized by the shift from agrarian economies to industrialized ones.

2nd Agricultural Revolution

A significant transformation in farming practices that occurred in the 18th and early 19th centuries, leading to increased agricultural productivity and efficiency.

spinning jenny

A multi-spindle spinning frame invented by James Hargreaves in 1764, which revolutionized the textile industry by allowing one worker to spin multiple threads simultaneously.

enclosure

consolidation of small land holdings into large farms, which led to increased agricultural efficiency and displacement of rural populations.

urbanization

the process of population movement from rural areas to cities, driven by industrialization and economic opportunities.

steam engine

revolutionary technology that allowed steam to replace man or animal power in machinery and transportation.

respectability

a social concept emphasizing moral integrity, proper behavior, and adherence to societal norms, particularly among the middle class during the Industrial Revolution.

Victorian

relating to the reign of Queen Victoria, characterized by strict social morals and values, industrial progress, and cultural expansion.

Crystal Palace

a grand exhibition hall built in London for the Great Exhibition of 1851, showcasing industrial achievements and innovations.

2nd wave Industrial Revolution

a period of rapid industrial growth and technological advancement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, marked by innovations such as electricity, internal combustion engines, and mass production.

Cult of Domesticity

a prevailing value system among the upper and middle classes in the 19th century that emphasized women's roles as homemakers, nurturing mothers, and moral guardians of the family.

leisure activities

emerged in the late 19th century as a result of increased industrialization and urbanization, allowing people more free time for recreation, entertainment, and socialization.

Swing riots

uprisings by agricultural laborers in England during the 1830s protesting against low wages and the introduction of threshing machines.

middle class

a social class that emerged in the 19th century, characterized by its economic stability, professional occupations, and emphasis on education and social status.

Reform bill of 1832

a significant piece of legislation in Great Britain that expanded the electorate by lowering property requirements for voting and redistributed parliamentary seats to better represent urban areas.

Factory Act 1833

a law that aimed to improve working conditions in factories by limiting the hours children could work and requiring factory inspections.

Mines Act 1842

a law that prohibited the employment of women and boys under the age of ten in underground coal mines, aimed at improving labor conditions.

Ten Hours Act 1847

a legislation that limited the working hours of women and children in textile mills to ten hours per day, aiming to improve working conditions.

William Blake

an English poet and artist known for his visionary works that often critiqued the Industrial Revolution and its impact on society.

Dark Satanic Mills

a phrase used by William Blake to describe the industrial factories and the negative effects of industrialization on society and the environment.

Congress of Vienna

a conference of European powers held in 1814-1815 to redraw the continent's political map after the Napoleonic Wars and restore stability.

Concert of Europe

an alliance of European powers against revolution that formed after the Napoleonic Wars to maintain the balance of power and prevent further conflicts.

Troppau-memo

a declaration from the Troppau Congress in 1820 that affirmed the right of European powers to intervene in countries experiencing revolutions to restore order and legitimacy.

Henri de Saint Simon

a French philosopher and one of the founders of socialism, who advocated for social and economic reforms and the reorganization of society based on science and industry.

Coke Town

a fictional industrial city in Dickens' novel "Hard Times" that illustrates the harsh realities of industrialization and the impact on workers' lives.

Victor Hugo

a French novelist and poet, best known for his works "Les Misérables" and "The Hunchback of Notre-Dame," which explore themes of social justice and human rights.

Sam Smiles

a prominent advocate of Victorian capitalism, known for his writings on self-help and the importance of individual initiative in achieving success.

Conservatism

a political philosophy that emphasizes tradition, stability, and gradual change, often resisting radical reforms and advocating for established institutions.

Edmund Burke

an Irish statesman and philosopher, regarded as the father of modern conservatism, who advocated for gradual change and criticized the French Revolution.

Socialism

an economic and political system advocating for collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods.

Hegelianism

a philosophical framework emphasizing the progression of ideas through dialectical processes and the importance of history in shaping reality.

Jeremy Bentham

an English philosopher and social reformer known for founding modern utilitarianism, advocating for the greatest happiness principle.

liberalism

a political ideology advocating for individual freedoms, constitutional government, and the protection of civil liberties, often emphasizing limited government intervention in personal and economic matters.

John Stuart Mill

an English philosopher and political economist, best known for his contributions to liberal thought and utilitarianism, particularly in advocating for individual liberty and women's rights.

Roberto Owen

a Welsh social reformer and one of the founders of utopian socialism, known for his efforts to improve working conditions and promote cooperative communities.

Flora Tristan

a French socialist and feminist, known for her advocacy of workers' rights and gender equality, and for her writings that called for the social and economic empowerment of women.

Friedrich List

a German economist known for his advocacy of protectionist policies and the development of the national economy, emphasizing the importance of industrialization for national growth.

Marxism

a socio-economic theory developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, advocating for a classless society and the abolition of private property, emphasizing the role of class struggle in societal development.

Friedrich Engels

a German philosopher and social scientist, co-author of The Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx, and a key figure in the development of Marxist theory, emphasizing the importance of class struggle and historical materialism.

Johann von Herder

a German philosopher and cultural critic, known for his contributions to the philosophy of history and the concept of Volksgeist, emphasizing the importance of national culture and identity.

JMW Turner

an English Romantic painter known for his expressive use of light and color, particularly in landscapes and seascapes, which influenced the Impressionist movement.

Goethe

a German writer and statesman, known for his works in literature, philosophy, and science, including the drama "Faust" and his influence on the Sturm und Drang movement.

Delacroix

a French Romantic artist celebrated for his dramatic and colorful paintings, particularly "Liberty Leading the People," which exemplified the spirit of revolution and individuality.

Romanticism

an artistic and intellectual movement that emphasized emotion, individualism, and nature, often reacting against the rationalism of the Enlightenment.

Beethoven

a German composer and pianist, widely regarded as one of the greatest composers in the history of Western music. His works, including symphonies and sonatas, bridged the Classical and Romantic eras.

Mary Shelley

an English novelist best known for her Gothic novel "Frankenstein," which explores themes of creation, responsibility, and the consequences of scientific advancement.

Tsar Alexander I

Emperor of Russia from 1801 to 1825, known for his role in the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna, he implemented various reforms and promoted the idea of Russian nationalism.

Klemens von Metternich

an Austrian diplomat and statesman who played a key role in the Congress of Vienna and was a major architect of the political order in Europe following the Napoleonic Wars.

July Revolution

A revolution in France in 1830 that resulted in the overthrow of King Charles X and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy under Bourbon Louis-Philippe.

Decemberist

Members of a group of Russian army officers who led a failed uprising against Tsar Nicholas I in December 1825, advocating for political reform and constitutional government.

Chartists

a working-class movement in Britain during the 1830s and 1840s that aimed for political reforms, including universal male suffrage, secret ballots, and annual elections.

Peterloo

A massacre that occurred in 1819 in St. Peter's Field, Manchester, where cavalry charged into a crowd demanding political reform, resulting in numerous deaths and injuries.

Charles Fourier

A French philosopher and early socialist who proposed the idea of Fourierism, advocating for the reorganization of society into small, self-sustaining communities called phalansteries.

French national workshops

A system of public works established in France in 1848 to provide jobs for the unemployed, aimed at addressing social issues during the economic crisis.

potato famine

A period of mass starvation and disease in Ireland from 1845 to 1852, caused by a potato blight, leading to significant population decline and emigration.

Revolutions of 1848

A series of interconnected uprisings across Europe, primarily driven by demands for political reform, national independence, and social change, resulting in varying degrees of success and failure.

Louis Napoleon III

French leader who became Emperor in 1852, known for modernizing France and promoting industrialization.

corn laws

British tariffs on imported grain, designed to protect domestic agriculture but leading to high food prices and social unrest.