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Science
a way of knowing investigating the physical world through observation & experiments
Earth Science
Study of Earth its place in the universe
Geology, Hydrology, Atmospheric science, Enviornmental Science, Astronomy
5 main branches of earth science
scientific inquiry
identifying correlations 4 other patterns," then investigating testing possible causes that might explain correlation
model
any rep. that serves as a tool for thinking about visualizing natural phenomena or to develop solutions to problems
hypothesis
a possible explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested to determine whether it is supported by evidence
experiment
a way to test a hypothesis using a controlled procedure that produced data
peer review
gives scientists an opportunity to evaluate the validity of a scientific investigation
theory
a broader explanation that is already supported by large body of evidence
law
escriptions of phenomenon that are universally accepted and are often expressed mathematically
engineering
field that applies scientific knowledge, math, and human innovation to design solutions to problems
map
a visual representation of data that illustrates some portion of the world or universe
latitude
run east-west, measured north or south of the Equator (Flatitude)
longitude
run north-south, measured West or East of the Prime Meridian
equator
prime meridian
runs through Greenwich, England
international date line
The line of longitude on the opposite side of Earth from the PM
GPS
global positioning system - a network of satellites receivers that collects various types of data to make maps
GIS
geographic information systems- computer systems that capture/ compile, layer different types of spatial data to make mops
contour lines
to mark points that share the same values topography the study of landforms other structures on Earth's surface
topography
the study of landforms other structures on Earth's surface
contour interval
the change in elevation between each isoline on a top. map
Geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere
4 spheres of earth
Innercore, outtercore, mantle, crust
4 layers of geosphere
lithosphere
the crust in the uppermost mantle
97.5
% of saltwater on Earth
71
% of surface is oceans
cryosphere
water in it’s frozen state (1.8 or Earth’s water)
0.64
% of freshwater
atmosphere
mixture of gases-mostly nitrogen oxygen, with smaller amounts of argon, co2, 4 other gases
Troposphere
where is most of the atmosphere located
biosphere
all living things
biodiversity
variety of life
systems
a combination of interacting parts that form a complex whole
cycles
a sequential process that returns to the start and repeats
gradualism
slow change over long pd of time
catastrophism
rapid events in short times
threshold effect
slow or no initial change to the environment
feedback mechanism
change alters another system component, amplifying original effect
-people have caused great changes in environment
-Extinction, pollution, changes to atmosphere
-Humans are making permanent changes
human impacts to Earth’s systems
Anthropocene
new time pd. argued by scientists
water cycle
continuing cycling of water through Earth's spheres
carbon cycle
Describes how carbon is exchanged among the 4 spheres
nitrogen cycle
describes the cycling of Nitrogen through Earth's spheres
algae bloom
Algae dies and decays 4 is eaten by bacteria that use up oxygen in the water- leads to fish kills
Hydrogen and Helium
Composition of earth’s early atmosphere
outgassing
release of volatile substances, hydrogen methane, from Earth's mantle
78 % nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% other gases
composition of modern atmosphere
barometric pressure
atmospheric pressure- the weight of the atmosphere per unit area
barometer
instrument used to measure barometric pressure
KNOW THIS
density and pressure decrease with elevation
storms
low pressure
clear
high pressure
(closest to furthest) Troposphere, Ozone layer, stratosphere, mesosphere, exosphere
layers of Earth’s atmosphere
acid precipitation
Sulfur nitrogen oxides combine with water vapor in the atmosphere to produce atmospheric aid
Toxic volatiles
vaporates readily and escapes into atmosphere-dioxin from burning of certain chemicals such as PVC
particulates
any small pieces of solid matter such as dust or soot
aerosols
small particles larger than a molecule 4 suspended in air
fly ash
minerals that escape as coal burns
smog
a brown haze that forms when ozone reads with car exhaust
CFC’s
organic compounds containing chlorine and flourine
Montreal Protocol
signed by VS in 1987-global agreement to protect the stratospheric ozone layer
Weather
the state of the atmosphere at a given place and time
climate
the characteristic of a region, particularly temp and precipitation averaged over several decades
light
Behaves like a wave and particle
electromagnetic radiation
made of waves
albedo
reflectivity of a surface
scattering
light scatters
greenhouse effect
Earth’s surface aborbs light energy
temperature
measure of the average kinetic energy within a substance
isotherms
lines that connect areas of the same temp
heat
energy transferred from a higher temp to a lower temp
conduction
the transport of heat by direct collisions among atoms or molecules
convection
distributes heat through atmosphere
advection
horizontal movement of heat
latent heat
(stored heat) energy released or abosrbed when a substance changes from one state to another
specific heat
the amount of energy needed to raise the temp; bigger effect on climate
seasons
caused by the tilt of Eath’s axis as it revolvs around the sun
Humidity
the amount of water vapor in the air
absolute humidity
the mass of water vapor in air
relative humidity
the amount of water vapor in the air relative to the maz hold at a given temp
dew point
when water condenses
dew
tiny drops of water that cool on earths surface
dew gets to below freezing
how does frost form
Oropraphic lifting, frontal wedging, convection
3 ways clouds form
fog
cloud that roms at or very close to the ground level; occurs near bodies of water
Rain, Snow, Sleet, Hail
types of precipitation
warm air
less dense
cold air
more dense
isobars
lines on a weather map connecting point of equal pressure
jet stream
narrow bands of high alt winds
Coriolis effect
caused by earth’s reflection- deflects wind
air mass
large body of air within the same temp and humidity at any given altitude
Warm, Cold, Occulated, Stationary
4 types of fronts
how do thunderstorms form
dense cold fronts forces the warm air up
Central Florida
where are thunderstorms most common
tornado
small short-lived funnel-shaped storm that protrudes from the base of a cumulonimbus cloud
Central Great Plains
where do most tornadoes occur
Tropical Wave→ disturbance→ depression→ storm
progression of cyclone formation
eye
dead calm- the center