AP World Chapter 26

ideological

based on or relating to a system of ideas and ideals, especially concerning economic or political theory and policy

imperialism

a policy of extending a country's economic, political, or cultural influence through diplomacy or military force

encirclement

the state of being surrounded with room for movement.

modernization

The process of adapting something to modern needs or habits.

legitimate

acceptable according to law or practice

eradicate

to destroy or put an end to something

nawab

a ruling prince or landowner in India

mutiny

an open rebellion against authority and orders, often against military leaders

chastisement

a rebuke or severe reprimand

subsidy

a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive.

Abd al-Qadir

Algerian leader who defended his country under French attack

Zulu

A people of modern South Africa whom King Shaka united beginning in 1818.

Afrikaners

South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910.

Cecil Rhodes

British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him.

Sokoto Caliphate

large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria.

King Leopold II

King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the infamous ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908).

Henry Morton Stanley

British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions in search of Dr. David Livingstone. He helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State.

Savorgnan de Brazza

Franco-Italian explorer sent by the French government to claim part of equatorial Africa for France. Founded Brazzaville, capital of the French Congo, in 1880.

Berlin Conference

Conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium.

modernization

The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-Western societies.

Suez Canal

Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882.

Menelik II

Emperor of Ethiopia who played Italians, British, and French against each other while buying weapons from France and Russia. In the Battle of Adowa, Ethiopian forces successfully defeated the Italians and maintained their independence.

"legitimate" trade

Exports from Africa in the nineteenth century that did not include the newly outlawed slave trade.

recaptives

Africans rescued by Britain's Royal Navy from the illegal slave trade of the nineteenth century and restored to free status.

sepoy

An indigenous soldier in South Asia, especially in the service of the British.

British Raj

The rule over much of South Asia between 1765 and 1947 by the East India Company and then by a British government.

Sepoy Rebellion

The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.

durbar

An elaborate display of political power and wealth in British India in the nineteenth century, ostensibly in imitation of the pageantry of the Mughal Empire.

Indian civil service

The elite professional class of officials who administered the government of British India. Originally composed exclusively of well-educated British men, it gradually added qualified Indians.

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.

Spanish-American War

War fought in 1898 to expand American imperial possessions. Treaty of Paris ending the conflict confirmed U.S. control of Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.

Mexican Revolution

A complicated series of revolts beginning in 1910 aimed at reducing social inequality and establishing constitutional government. A constitution was adopted in 1917.

Emiliano Zapata

Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately defeated and assassinated.

Francisco "Pancho" Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States, it opened in 1914.

contracts of indenture

A voluntary agreement binding a person to work for a specified period of years in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most indentured servants were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.