Chapter 1: The Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution

Cosmology

________ is the branch of astronomy concerned with the origins and structure of the universePtolemy.

Aristotle

________ and Ptolemy portrayed a geocentric universe- one with the earth at the center of a system of concentric spheres, including the sun, circling around it.

Kepler

________ studied astrology and was interested in the idea of a sacred geometry in the universe.

Renaissance Humanism

________ and art laid the groundwork for new ideas in science.

Newton

________ wrote extensively about his experiments in alchemy.

Cosimo de Medici

________ commissioned Filippo Brunelleschi as architect for the rebuilding of the Church of San Lorenzo in Florence.

Baroque art

________ and architecture brought together Renaissance classical traditions and the strong religious feelings stirred up by the Reformation.

Scripture readings

________ became and important part of the Protestant services that were replacing the Catholic mass.

Luthers ideas

________ were translated in German, printed into pamphlets, and distributed throughout German- speaking lands.

Machiavelli

________ presented a== cynical view of human nature== that required the prince to be feared rather than loved.

Central

The art and architecture became important to Catholic rulers and clergy in ________ and Eastern Europe and they started commissioning Baroque architecture and sculpture to stimulate religious devotion in their followers.

16th century

In the ________, monasteries, city- states and the Catholic Church commissioned works of art to promote their own statue and power.

Roman Republic

The ________ was an early example of representative government.

Catholic Church

________ was closely involved in all aspects of life, social, political, etc.

Scholasticism

________: Humanists who began to break free of the medieval philosophy.

Baldassare Castiglione

________: He wrote The Book of the Courtier, which outlines how to act like a proper gentleman or lady.

Michelangelo

In his paintings, ________ focused on scnes from the biblical book of Genesis, showing humans as reflection of the divine.

Humanists

________ tended to emphasize different values than did medieval scholars rather than a life of penance aimed toward an afterlife.

Growth of individualism

________: There was a focus on personal rather than institutional interests.

Europe

Paper was first developed in china and was available in ________ by 12th century.

14th

Printing from carved wooden blocks began in Europe towards the end of ________ century.

observation

It is an approach based on ________, experimentation, and reasoning.

1517

In ________, a German monk named Martin Luther called for religious reform.

1450

The printing press was invented in ________ which surged the spread of books.

Copernicus

The scientist who later brought together the ideas of ________, Kepler, and Galileo was the English mathematician, Isaac Newton.

Athens

________ was the birthplace of democracy.

Pope

The ________ commissioned Raphael to paint a series of frescos in the Vatican Palace.

Madrid

The courts of ________, Vienna, Prague and Brussels were patrons of Baroque artists.

Galileo

________ showed that the planets were not ethereal bodies but were similar to Earth in their composition.

Brunelleschi

________ also incorporated into the church the largest dome built since classical Rome.

• Paracelsus

________ (1493- 1531) used observation and experiments to develop a theory of disease based on chemical imbalances in specific organs that could be treated with chemical remedies in careful dosages.

• Astrology

________ was originally synonymous with astronomy, but during the Renaissance it came to mean the study of the heavenly bodies as they influenced human activity.

• Alchemy

________ was a medieval and Renaissance approach to chemistry primarily focused on discovering a method to turn common metals into gold.

aid of priests

He (Martin Luther) emphasized the Bible as the main source of religious truth and believed that people should be able to read and interpret the Bible themselves without the ________.

Kepler

________ shared his published work with the Italian mathematician Galileo Galilei in 1597.

Newton

________ published his proofs for this law in Principia (1687), demonstrating that gravity applied to objects on Earth and in space and was the force that held the planets in orbit around the sun.

Renaissance humanism

________ spread to northern Europe in the late 15th century, and northern humanists focused more on religious concerns than did their Italian counterparts.

Newton

________ saw the universe as a giant machine with God as the prime mover who set the planets in motion.

Epistemology

philosophy of knowledge—a
way of understanding what we know and how we know it.

Natural laws

the formulation of general principles about the way the world
worked is often based on mathematical proofs or expressed
as mathematical formulas. Eg: Newton's law of gravitation was a natural law

humoral theory

By Galen, According to this theory, the body was composed of four humors, namely blood, yellow, bile, phlegm, and black bile. Each humor had different combinations of the qualities of warm, cold, wet, and dry.

The Principia

Published in (1687) by Isaac Newton, demonstrating that gravity applied to objects on Earth and in space and was the force that held the planets in orbit around the sun.